Information system of Hanjin shipping

Data arrangement of Hanjin dispatching Presentation Transportation by its temperament is an extremely serious and an exceptionally intricate industry. (Martin Stopford, 1997) Shipping organizations need to work on a worldwide scale and oversee workplaces all around the globe and work with a different work power. Trader dispatching is one of the most exceptionally managed businesses on the planet. Thus data frameworks assume a significant job in the administration of the delivery organization. In this article we will break down a contextual analysis of how Hanjin delivering utilized data frameworks develop as a main transportation organization. Hanjin is a worldwide transportation and Logistics Company. (Hanjin delivery, 2010).The organization works around 200 boats, fundamentally holder vessels, gas big haulers and mass bearers. Hanjin ships are exchanging around the world. Hanjin transport freight to more than 100million tons a year to 6000 goals around the world. (Hanjin delivery, 2010) Companys deals organize incorporates 200 world wide branch workplaces and 30 enterprises. Over all the organization is extending quickly on a worldwide scale and is likewise wandering into new delivery related business. Business issues Hanjin was expanding its worldwide activities by opening new compartment terminals, purchasing new enormous boats, going in union with holder lines. Hanjin came up short on the coordinations required to be able in the compartment business. Its multi year old ERP frameworks needed usefulness and adaptability required to work such a perplexing and large association (Oracle 2008). Hanjin comprehended that without start to finish coordinations arrangements they can't contend in compartment business. Hanjin additionally confronted issues controlling obtainment costs and to meet the worldwide administrative prerequisites (Oracle 2008). The information assortment framework was done physically and thus it was tedious and inclined to mistakes. Hanjin have a work power of around 4000 which are utilized all around the globe. It was expanding hard for Hanjin to oversee such a huge and differing work power. Answer for Hanjin issues As an answer for the issues Hanjin was looking because of its worldwide development it chose to dispatch Process advancement venture. The procedure development reason for existing was to set up cutting edge the executives structure and reinforcing its hierarchical capacities. (Supportability report, 2006). The undertaking applied to business procedure and association structure just as the corporate societies dependent on embracing the propelled IT framework. (Maintainability report, 2006, p.27). Hanjin chose to re-engineer their business procedure utilizing best practice models for their ERP frameworks in order to increase worldwide seriousness. This framework would have been a drawn out arrangement, it won't legitimately appear on accounting report however it will be stage for propelling new business ventures (Business report 2006). Hanjin likewise chose to move to client based business by guaranteeing great help and expanded consumer loyalty. Procedure Innovation Project The procedure advancement venture group was gathered in October 2004 and afterward they went through 5 months for mapping the new frameworks and the procedure. The task will be actualized slowly on a bit by bit premise. The procedure advancement venture was to be executed during a time of 3 years. The fundamental point of procedure development was to be client focused and a benefit situated administration organization. The data framework used to re-in power the authoritative abilities and will set up the administration to be more clients centered. The data framework advancement contracts were given to organizations which were best in the business (Oracle, 2008). ERP was given to ORACLE while others were given to Siebel and Hyperion. During the procedure of undertaking Oracle procured Siebel and Hyperion which brought about consistent combination and client assistance. (Prophet, 2008). Data Systems (ERP) Enterprise Resource arranging: Enterprise framework coordinates the key business forms into single framework. In this framework the progression of data is consistent all through the association (laudon, 2007). Hanjins Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Hanjin coordinated business procedure, for example, fund and bookkeeping, capital resource arranging, human asset, acquisition process. They utilized these for smooth progression of data in their inner framework. The companys senior administration was associated with the undertakings usage. The Managing executive and CIO of Hanjin Shipping said that To improve our worldwide seriousness, we required an IT arrangement that upheld broad procedure reengineering (Oracle, 2008, pg.1). Hanjin chose to contribute about 57.7 million USD on this task. They normalized the administration and information assortments techniques, rebuilt the progression of information between their business frameworks and arranged a word reference in order to make it simpler for the staff to follow new framework. As the framework was executed on a bit by bit premise, bit by bit the staff could see the advantages of the framework and they were not strong to changes, however they were will to share data in the middle of various divisions. Organization likewise embraced other best practice rules, for example, preparing and teaching the staff, utilization of programming backing and upkeep. Advantages of Information framework The above outline is clarified utilizing the nonexclusive model of 6Cs for clarifying business benefits. Lower Cost: The e-sourcing framework helped them to secure items from a rundown of providers and they were profited by serious estimating which brought about acquisition costs. Cost sparing per client was expanded because of expanded proficiency (Oracle, 2008). Improved Communication: As the information was combined into a solitary framework, consequently staff increased a coordinated perspective on tasks (Oracle, 2008). Improved Management Control: New ERP frameworks and re-designing procedure helped in improved business the board. This gave the directors a total perspective on the companys tasks and furthermore furnished the staff with point by point data they required to design, execute and assess complex activities. The chiefs were likewise ready to settle on choices and guarantee issues were tended to right away. Execution assessment was simpler and could be effectively done on a worldwide premise and medium and long haul methodology arranging should be possible because of information accessibility. (Prophet, 2008) New Capability: HR stage helped in improving the productivity of the office. The new framework helped the administrators to see total history of the staff and furthermore dispose of utilizations. This brought about expanded effectiveness of HR staff which could concentrate more on drawing in and holding gifted representatives and furthermore train them. (Prophet, 2008) Improved Customer Service: Due to its administration arrange it could react quicker to clients requests. Nitty gritty deals and advertising plans could be created. (Prophet, 2008) Upper hand: Hanjin got the acknowledgment of a solid coordinations accomplice. (Manageability report, 2008). In April 2008 Hanjin got the most elevated honors in coordinations in Korea. (Manageability report, 2008). Future field-tested strategies The task improved the general execution of the organization procedure. In future organization intends to put more in their IT frameworks which means to supplement their administration frameworks just as front office work. (Business report 2007). As the inside framework execution was finished the organization currently is prepared to create transporting/coordinations related business which will end up being the companys next main impetuses. Counts on their inner framework they are venturing nearer to turn into a Global coordinations organization. They are likewise wanting to grow its 3PL (outsider coordinations) business by expanding its worldwide system (Hanjin Shipping, 2008). In accordance with their Process Innovation venture they have likewise propelled another undertaking Knowledge the executives. (Maintainability report, 2008) End: The venture taken by Hanjin to remake its business procedure by the utilization of data frameworks was deliberately significant. Hanjin is a worldwide association with various capacities, authoritative levels and numerous business forms; subsequently ERP framework was the right decision of data framework. This task turned into the base to actualize advance business process which supplement their data frameworks and furthermore increment the productivity of the organization. It helped the organization to be more clients centered which is a key procedure in current occasions. They could wander into new parts of business, for example, coordinations. The determination of Oracle and Siebel was likewise right since they were the best in the business. Hanjin settled on right choice by coordinating all frameworks together. The securing of Siebel and Hyperion by Oracle guaranteed that the frameworks have consistent incorporation and constant help. The data frameworks which they utilized were in accordance with their business procedures which brought about achievement of the task. Reference List: Hanjin transportation, 2008. Hanjin Shipping Steps Closer to Becoming Global Total Logistics Company, [Online] Available at: http://www.hanjin.com/en/news/080513_02.jsp?srv_id=ENGid=080513_02.jspbackUrl=news.jspcurPage=5blockSize=10 [Accessed on fifteenth March 2010]. Hanjin transportation, 2008. 2008 Hanjin transporting business report, [Online] Available at: t http://www.hanjin.com/en/organization/contribute/append/Business_report_2008.pdf [Accessed on fifteenth March 2010]. Hanjin transportation, 2008. Hanjin manageability report 2008, [Online] Available at: http://www.hanjin.com/transfer/2008_gri_en.pdf [Accessed on fifteenth March 2010]. Hanjin transportation, 2006. Hanjin manageability report 2006, [Online] Available at: http://www.hanjin.com/transfer/2006_gri_en.pdf [Accessed on fifteenth March 2010]. Laudon., J, Laudon., K, 2007. The board Information frameworks: Managing the computerized firm. tenth ed. Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey. Stopford., M, 1997. Sea Economics second ed. Routledge: London Prophet, 2008. Hanjin Shipping Improves Business Intelligence, Competitiveness with Integrated Platform, [Online] Available at: http://

Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law Net Capital Gain Pirchases

Question: Examine about the Taxation, Theory, Practice Law for Net Capital Gain Pirchases. Answer: Presentation Investigation of Freds generally speaking net capital increase covering the different related exchanges, noted after his contribution in the acquisition of his vacation house, in the fundamental worry of this report. The idea of in general net increase and total deficit is comprehend by learning the significance of required laws of computation from this examination. Fred, the case of study in this report, requests the comprehension of law as the home capacities, improvement, and remodel goes under the Australians law of government methodologies which even incorporates other tax assessment laws according to the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1977. Calculation is finished by this. On worry of net capital increase and loss of Fred .the clarification to set the capital shortfall/gain is additionally related by assessing and investigating the different statistical data points by and by from the report. Here it is essential to take note of that, there are exchanges that don't follow the comp utational strategy for capital research. The term calculation is basic to comprehend as the ideas of net capital increase/shortfall and superannuation embraces the calculation usefulness (Graetz Schenk, 2009). Each format is essentially founded on the calculation device. Calculation definition thus is portrayed by different duty and law researchers with every definition conveying explicit application for various purposes and circumstance. The way toward aggregating or assembling assets from the individuals to give them at the time retirement is called superannuation (Wright, 1970). Freds capital increase computation Calculation Of Capital Gain For FRED For The Year Ended On 30 June Specifics Sum (in$) Aggregate sum (in $) Include: #Proceeds of selling occasion home in the present year 800,000.00 Less: Cost Base of occasion home in 1987 100,000.00 700,000.00 Less: Complete legitimate charges 2100.00 697900.00 Include: Cost base of carport 20,000 717900.00 Less: Cost of carport after indexation 20000*123.4/71.3 34,614.30 683,285.70 Less: Specialist commission 9900.00) 673,385.70 Less: Stamp obligation payable on procurement (2000.00) 671,385.70 Less: Earlier Year Capital Loss Deduction (10,000.00) Complete capital increase 661,385.70 Less: half markdown for utilizing property for over a year (330692.85) Net capital addition 330692.85 Special cases and exclusions: Not many qualities or exchanges are there which don't rely upon the capital increase or misfortune, as talked about prior in this report. Thus, various models are there for getting a reasonable insights concerning these qualities. For example, repayment mentioned if there should be an occurrence of any injury or disease, required resources before twentieth Sep 1985, individuals having $10,000 or progressively close to home resource. Things which can't be included in capital addition or misfortune are vehicles, vehicles or cruisers, and is viewed as disgraceful whenever claimed for $10,000 or less (Bittker Rahdert, 1976). Things like artistic creation assortment of $500 or less don't go under calculation, and family homes confined from the genuine house are barely any different models. What will be the appropriate response if there is an offer of an old fashioned container? In the event that a misfortune is caused because of the selling of an antique jar by Fred, in my view, I would state that he endured a gigantic misfortune. This can be said in light of the fact that the deficit endured because of its deduction is gotten from the selling of the offers, that Fred planned to utilize it by and by, accordingly his net capital is higher than $10,000 (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). A general examination on the incidental advantages and incidental advantages charge Assessment is an aftereffect of incidental advantage that helps in setting the presentation just as the significance of the investigation of incidental advantage. Incidental advantages covers the extra advantage that builds the compensation of the staffs. Financed feast, organization vehicle, medical coverage and more are the particular models. As per bosses, it is a free accomplice and contractual worker that is there between two representatives in which, in not many circumstances, they are liberated from the charges. For e.g., the reasonable market cost is incorporated for each one of those get incidental advantage charge, in that year. It is helpful for the workers family and the colleagues as well (Woellner, 2014). This sum gets added to the pay bundle. Incidental advantage, dissimilar to the personal duty, is evaluated each year from first April to 31st March and is managed by the Australian Fringe Benefit Tax Act, 1988, in Australia. It is ordered into various segments: Cost installment incidental advantages Obligation waiver incidental advantages Lodging incidental advantages Advance incidental advantages Vehicle leaving incidental advantages Board incidental advantages Living endlessly from home stipend incidental advantages Remaining incidental advantages Property incidental advantages including the merchandise, property or offers Living endlessly from home incidental advantages Living endlessly from home (LAFTA), is the stipend which is given if there should arise an occurrence of avoiding the genuine living house. For this situation, the representative gets hardly any advantages from the business for avoiding their home for some close to home obligations (Walton, 1995). In any case, now and again systems additionally observe not many weaknesses. Property incidental advantages Under this advantage the business gives a property to the representative at a much limited rate, this is a similar case in Emmas circumstance. A bath costs $1,300 to Emma which is typically accessible at $2,600 in the market. Henceforth, the organization gives a rebate of half to Emma. Board Fringe Benefits The days supper just as convenience is given as board incidental advantage to the representatives (Blum Kalven, 1978). Lodging incidental advantages In this, the representative is given the privilege on settlement and lease or permit. A private right is given to the worker on the grounds that the whole unit is conceded by the technique (Blum Kalven, 1978). Obligation waiver incidental advantages This advantage empowers a business to let the worker off from paying the obligation. Vehicle leaving incidental advantage This advantage can be used in different circumstances. For e.g., on the off chance that a vehicle is left in the businesses region or in the event that the leaving is past the time period for example when 7am and 7pm, if the vehicle is left in the work environment of the representative, a business region is accessible in a span of 1km work territory, or in the event that the worker deals with the vehicle (Surrey, 1972). Vehicle incidental advantage The representative gets the vehicle which was leased for an individual use or as their own advantage as the vehicle incidental advantage. Cost incidental advantage Here, the representatives is given some sum for paying to an outsider. On the off chance that, this installment isn't made, the representative is responsible or he/she should reward. Emma gets the favorable position from the incidental advantage from the pay for the vehicle and consequently qualifies the costs from it (Paul, 1954). Credit incidental advantages In this, the representatives are given credit on a lower loan fee than what is regularly offered by all the banks. Emma got the measure of $5,00,000 at a financing cost of 4.5% that is less that than the premium charged by the banks. As FBT is taken, this is 47% (Dubert Merrill, 2001). FBT ramifications for the organization According to the FBTA, s 7 arrangements the vehicle is considered as an incidental advantage and Emma gets it for utilizing it actually. In view of the cost, procedures and other extra data, the established strategies are utilized here: Available worth = (0.2 * $33,000 x 330/365) = $5,967 Base worth = vehicles cost The vehicle was given as an incidental advantage for 330 days (it is considered for yearly fixes and furthermore can't be utilized by and by. Openness of the vehicle until Emma offers it to her representative, left at air terminal (Lind, 2005). No beneficiary is gotten by Emma for the repayment of the costs. Emmas engine vehicle costs reimbursement This isn't mulled over under FTBA, s 53; notwithstanding, is adjusted for the cost installment periphery. $500,000 Loan A credit arrangement is an advance incidental advantage: FBTAA, Div 4 Available worth = $500,000 x (5.95% - 4.45%) x (212/365) = $4,356 NB: Because the credit isn't spent as an assessable pay for procuring, there is no decrease for charge under deductible standard (Gilders et. al., 2015). Baths buying cost $1,300 Periwinkle sells baths under their conventional marketable strategy: FBTA, Division 11 since they are a house periphery property. The baths available worth is diminished by $1,300 for beneficiaries installment of $650. Periwinkle delivers and circulates baths to the clients as a standard course business, in this manner the available sum is 75% of $2,600 = $1,950. This is viewed as the most minimal expense at which it is offered to the clients (Kerwin Furlong, 1994). As the bath is a house incidental advantage, the sum which is available is brought down underneath s62 FTBA mulling over that Emma doesn't have some other in-house advantage that year. At the point when the available sum is deducted from each incidental advantage, it gets important to conclude Type 1/Type 2 presentation of the incidental advantage. Vehicle = Type 1 incidental advantage (in light of the fact that the sum is far reaching with GST and assumption is done about Periwinkle being unhindered to include charge credits) Advance = Type 2 incidental advantage (it is a money related gracefully; subsequently no GST is pertinent) Accept that available estimation of bath is diminished to 0. Incidental advantages available sum = ($5,967x 2.0802) + ($4,356x 1.8868) = $12,413+ $8,219 = $20,632. Risk of Fringe benefits charge = 47% x $20,632 = $9,697 In this manner, Periwinkle should pay $9,697 FBT corresponding to the above things. What will be the appropriate response if Emma buys the offers without anyone else? For this the appropriate response may vary. In the event that all the offers are purchased by Emma by the advance o

What Is a Nervous Breakdown

What Is a Nervous Breakdown Basics Print What Is a Nervous Breakdown? The meaning of the term and its clinical significance today By Allison Abrams, LCSW-R facebook twitter linkedin Allison Abrams, LCSW-R, is a licensed psychotherapist, mental health advocate, and author covering relationships, mindfulness, and self-care. Learn about our editorial policy Allison Abrams, LCSW-R Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 03, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 22, 2020  GettyImages More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Many misconceptions surround the term “nervous breakdown.”  While a nervous breakdown is often used to describe periods when normal functioning is disrupted by extreme stress, the term is not considered an actual psychiatric condition or medical diagnosis. Instead, a nervous breakdown is a catchall, colloquial phrase that describes symptoms that may represent a number of different psychiatric conditions. The critical characteristic is that these symptoms are intense and make it very difficult for the individual to function normally. What Is a Nervous Breakdown? Psychiatrist and author Dr. Gail Saltz gives a brief description of the term nervous breakdown. Nervous breakdown was a term used decades ago to describe any number of feelings of being extremely overwhelmed with symptoms ranging from depression to anxiety to psychosis such that behaviorally your functioning was seriously impaired. Some  descriptors of the term  found in the medical literature, primarily  prior to the 1960s, include: A point of acute distress that affects our ability to function or meet daily responsibilitiesA mix of anxiety and depression brought on by stress, time-limited, usually as a response to external circumstancesCan be referring to a range of conditions from depression to  complete psychosis, or break with reality, including hallucinations and delusionsCan develop over time, as an accumulation of stressors, or as a result of an acute crisisA standard part of American vocabulary sometimes in the testimony of great psychological pain, of an impending clash between external forces and internal capacities Today  the term has no clinical meaning or value. It is often used as a laymans term to describe periods when people experience symptoms of severe distress. Unfortunately, this usage often dismisses peoples emotional turmoil in a way that is pejorative or even stigmatizing. Typically it’s used in the lay press to denote some acute episode of psychiatric symptoms, says Dr. Sean Luo, Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center.  However, this is not a medical term and...it’s certainly not clinically precise. Origins of the Term According to Dr.  Nwayieze  Chisara  Ndukwe, Psychiatry Fellow at Mount Sinai Beth  Israel, the term nervous breakdown gained popularity in the early 20th century. Colloquially, it was usually used to describe a major personal crisis of almost any kind. She goes on to explain that following the First and Second World Wars, when  physicians had to treat the enormous psychological toll endured by combatants, focus shifted from  mental institutions to a more clinical perspective. Further, a disease model was developed that proposed to explain nervous breakdowns which would later be called the psychological distresses, encountered by soldiers.   She says that this  would later give rise to the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM),?? the manual psychiatrists use to assist in diagnosis. The DSM then gave specific names to specific disorders that in the past would have all been lumped into nervous breakdown.  As mental health became better understood and less stigmatized, the general population’s exposure and adoption of these more specific terms (depression, anxiety, panic attack, etc.) became more commonplace.   Lastly, she notes we now know there are  several situations, genetic factors, and experiences that are more commonly associated with a decline in functioning, and result in a nervous breakdown, but there are also several factors that are unknown. The use of the term declined after the 1960s. Although it is outdated, Ndukwe says, it is still used often as a catchphrase to refer to emotional or psychological distressâ€"usually by those not familiar with mental health.   Symptoms While the term nervous breakdown lacks clinical significance, there are a number of symptoms that are often associated with such periods of intense distress. These include: DepressionLack of interest in activitiesLow motivationMood swingsFeelings of physical illnessEmotional numbnessStomach acheDifficulty sleepingAnxiety or panic attacksTrouble concentratingSocial withdrawal Because a nervous breakdown is such a nebulous term, it may indicate anything from depression to anxiety to schizophrenia. It often suggests that a person is having a great deal of trouble coping and has checked out from their normal routine. They may have stopped socializing or might be unable to manage daily self-care routines including eating, getting out of bed, or showering. The symptoms people experience during this time may range from mild to much more severe. Some people may experience thoughts of suicide or self-harm. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Causes There are a number of factors that can contribute to what is referred to as a nervous breakdown. Underlying mental health conditions are often a contributing factor, but life stresses often also play a role. Sometimes this stress is chronic and seems to build up over time until a person simply cannot cope anymore. In other cases, crisis situations can trigger an acute period of intense distress that leads to symptoms of a breakdown. Some factors that might contribute to a breakdown include: Job lossDivorceDeath of a loved oneFinancial problemsAcademic problems or pressuresWork-related stressMoving  AbuseTrauma While some people are able to cope with such struggles, others may be less resilient when faced with extreme stress. Poor coping skills, lack of self-care, low social support, poor interpersonal relationships, unhealthy coping mechanisms, and untreated mental illness may all contribute to the onset of what people refer to as a nervous breakdown. Treatment When people seek treatment for a nervous breakdown, it is often because they are experiencing severe symptoms that require immediate intervention. Hospitalization may be necessary for short-term stabilization and then longer-term therapy and medications may be utilized. The exact type of treatment that is used depends on the patients diagnosis, which may vary. Some individuals may be diagnosed with depression, others might be diagnosed with an anxiety condition, while others might be diagnosed with another psychiatric condition. Depending upon the diagnosis, treatment might involve individual counseling, group therapy, family therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or some other form of psychotherapy. Medications including antidepressants may also be prescribed alone or in conjunction with therapy. Related Words and Meanings There are some other terms and phrases related to the term nervous breakdown that are often used synonymously. These include: Nervous diseases:  Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, is credited with being one of the first scientists to demonstrate the measurability of mental phenomena. According to the New York Academy of Sciences, “he gave a tremendous impetus to the study of  phenomena that previously had been designated psychical and unsuitable for exploration by scientific methodology.”?? In the late 19th century, through his famous experiments involving salivation in dogs as a response to the ringing of a bellâ€"an external stimulusâ€" he was able to link the physiological, environmental and intrapsychic effects on our nervous system  (for example,  rapid heartbeat as a symptom in anxiety disorders or specific phobias).  Around this same time,  terms such as nervous disease, nervous exhaustion, and finally, as described below, “nervous breakdown”, would eventually work their way into our everyday vernacular.?? Break-down: The term “breakdown” was first  recorded  in  1825 as a  noun  form  of  the verb  phrase  break  down.  Today, it is often used to describe a mental break-down in which a persons normal functioning is severely impaired. The Importance of Proper Terminology Essentially stamped out by modern medicine and replaced with the DSM and psychopharmacology, the use of the term “nervous breakdown” is a colloquial remnant of a time when little was understood about mental illness and an unfortunate reminder of the ignorance that continues to pervade society. “As the mental health fields have advanced, we have come up with scientific, valid, and meaningful descriptors for mental health problems and disorders,” says Dr. Katie Davis. “Now, when we talk about depression, we can label the disorder itself, and we can describe the specific symptoms, like insomnia, suicidal thoughts, loss of energy, and sleep problems.” Davis stresses the importance of using proper and specific terminology so that we reduce the stigma of mental health issues and get into the habit of talking about these disorders openly, honestly, and objectively. “The language we use to describe mental health disorders can either maintain or reduce the stigma attached to mental health disorders,” says Davis. ”We need to choose our words precisely.” A Word From Verywell If you or someone you love is experiencing symptoms of what is sometimes referred to as a nervous breakdown, dont be afraid to talk to your doctor. Reaching out to a physician or mental health professional can lead to appropriate diagnosis, support, and treatment.

Police Technology - Forensic Science History

Forensic science is a scientific method of gathering and examining the evidence. Crimes are solved with the use of pathological examinations that gather fingerprints, palm prints, footprints, tooth bite prints, blood, hair and fiber samples. Handwriting and typewriting samples are studied, including all ink, paper, and typography. Ballistics techniques are used to identify weapons, as well as voice identification techniques, are used to identify criminals. History of Forensic Science The first recorded application of medical knowledge to the solution of crime was in the 1248 Chinese book Hsi DuanYu or the Washing Away of Wrongs, and it described ways to distinguish between death by drowning or death by strangulation. Italian doctor, Fortunatus Fidelis is recognized as being the first person to practice modern forensic medicine, beginning in 1598. Forensic medicine is the application of medical knowledge to legal questions. It became a recognized branch of medicine in the early 19th century. The  Lie Detector An earlier and less successful lie detector or polygraph machine was invented by James Mackenzie in 1902. However, the modern polygraph machine was invented by John Larson in 1921. John Larson, a University of California medical student, invented the modern lie detector (polygraph) in 1921. Used in police interrogation and investigation since 1924, the lie detector is still controversial among psychologists and is not always judicially acceptable. The name polygraph comes from the fact that the machine records several different body responses simultaneously as the individual is questioned. The theory is that when a person lies, the lying causes a certain amount of stress that produces changes in several involuntary physiological reactions. A series of different sensors are attached to the body, and as the polygraph measures changes in breathing, blood pressure, pulse and perspiration, pens record the data on graph paper. During a lie detector test, the operator asks a series of control questions that set the pattern of how an individual responds when giving true and false answers. Then the actual questions are asked, mixed in with filler questions. The examination lasts about 2 hours, after which the expert interprets the data. Fingerprinting In the 19th century, it was observed that contact between someones hands and a surface left barely visible and marks called fingerprints. Fine powder (dusting) was used to make the marks more visible. Modern fingerprint identification dates from 1880 when the British scientific journal Nature published letters by the Englishmen Henry Faulds and William James Herschel describing the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints. Their observations were verified by the English scientist Sir Francis Galton, who designed the first elementary system for classifying fingerprints based on grouping the patterns into arches, loops, and whorls. Galtons system was improved upon by London police commissioner, Sir Edward R. Henry. The Galton-Henry system of fingerprint classification was published in June 1900, and officially introduced at Scotland Yard in 1901. It is the most widely used method of fingerprinting to date. Police Cars In 1899, the first police car was used in Akron, Ohio. Police cars became the basis of police transportation in the 20th century. Timeline 1850s The first multi-shot pistol, introduced by Samuel Colt, goes into mass production. The weapon is adopted by the Texas Rangers and, thereafter, by police departments nationwide. 1854 to 59 San Francisco is the site of one of the earliest uses of systematic photography for criminal identification. 1862 On June 17, 1862, inventor W. V. Adams patented handcuffs that used adjustable ratchets - the first modern handcuffs. 1877 The use of the telegraph by fire and police departments begins in Albany, New York in 1877. 1878 The telephone comes into use in police precinct houses in Washington, D.C. 1888 Chicago is the first U.S. city to adopt the Bertillon system of identification. Alphonse Bertillon, a French criminologist, applies techniques of human body measurement used in anthropological classification to the identification of criminals. His system remains in vogue in North America and Europe until it is replaced at the turn of the century by the fingerprint method of identification. 1901 Scotland Yard adopts a fingerprint classification system devised by Sir Edward Richard Henry. Subsequent fingerprint classification systems are generally extensions of Henrys system. 1910 Edmund Locard establishes the first police department crime laboratory in Lyon, France. 1923 The Los Angeles Police Department establishes the first police department crime laboratory in the United States. 1923 The use of the teletype is inaugurated by the Pennsylvania State Police. 1928 Detroit police begin using the one-way radio. 1934 Boston Police begin using the two-way radio. 1930s American police begin the widespread use of the automobile. 1930 The prototype of the present-day polygraph is developed for use in police stations. 1932 The FBI inaugurates its crime laboratory which, over the years, comes to be world-renowned. 1948 Radar is introduced to traffic law enforcement. 1948 The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) meets for the first time. 1955 The New Orleans Police Department installs an electronic data processing machine, possibly the first department in the country to do so. The machine is not a computer, but a vacuum-tube operated calculator with a punch-card sorter and collator. It summarizes arrests and warrants. 1958 A former marine invents the side-handle baton, a baton with a handle attached at a 90-degree angle near the gripping end. Its versatility and effectiveness eventually make the side-handle baton standard issue in many U.S. police agencies. Introduction: What is Forensic Science History?Polygraph MachinesOther Equipment: Fingerprinting, Police CarsTimeline of Police Technology 1850 - 1960, 1960 - 1996

The Little-Known Secrets to Good Topics for a Comparison and Contrast Essay Should

The Little-Known Secrets to Good Topics for a Comparison and Contrast Essay Should If you are thinking about how to begin a compare and contrast essay or simply want to learn how to write one well, first you have to comprehend its objective. With FreeEssayHelp you'll find hundreds of Exemplification essay topics in a matter of many seconds. Together with the topics, you'd come across loads of papers free of charge. At exactly the same time, it would likewise help you to have a better picture of what are the arguments you had made and whether they are relevant. Another style of starting this kind of essay is to describe some event and analyze its consequences. Then, the author jots down the many causes for home robberies surrounding the most important cause. In fact, all kinds of writing have their own methods of influencing the knowledge of an individual. Choosing Good Good Topics for a Comparison and Contrast Essay Should You may require any particular sources for your c ustomized term paper. It is advised to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable rates. It's fine to get creative. A prosperous process essay is going to be detailed enough so a reader will have all the info required to finish the job. Instead, a writer can always do a little planning so as to think of an essay. Our writers can make term papers in various language styles. Such expert writers can assist the students complete essays of any type effortlessly. If you're in need of private essay writing help, don't hesitate to request essay writing assistance at our website. Using our professional essay writing service, you obtain a range of free services including totally free revisions, absolutely free cover page and outline, completely free formatting upon request, completely free editing, and absolutely free essay shipping. In addition, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Description to write what's the internet locate a dissertation online important. The Basics of Good Topics for a Comparison and Contrast Essay Should You'll also sprinkle in some supporting arguments to cooperate with it. For instance, if you are interested in being strongly identified with the topic, then it is possible to increase the amount of your arguments about the outcomes of an active event. By comparison, a weak topic sentence will lead to an unorganized paragraph, and the rea der is going to be confused because the support or details won't be focused. If a single case in point is very vividand compelling, it can occasionally be sufficient to support a topic sentence. In the conclusion, you wish to bring a bit more information but not so much you have a completely new paragraph. The topic sentence demands that student plan what they're attempting to prove in the paragraph before the draft. The topic sentence shouldn't be too general or too specific. Placing the topic sentence at the launch of a paragraph guarantees that the reader knows precisely what information will be presented. Now you've been requested to compose an exemplification essay and you aren't certain which way to take it. At this time you're not only going to learn the fundamentals of an exemplification essay but in addition the best way to produce a terrific essay by yourself. A comparison essay is among them. Basically, an exemplification essay is a sort of argumentative essay. Now, you're assigned to compose an Exemplification Essay, and you're slightly baffled. By doing this you can secure a far better pictures of the essay which you ought to write about. Beowulf and Churchill, however, are a lot more different heroes than it may appear to be. Essay assignments are short parts of academic writing that are intended to analyze, discuss or describe 1 topic. The absolute most important feature to keep in mind when writing an expository essay is you shouldn't write about your own private opinions. Our writers are prepared to assist you with any other essay type, for example, descriptive essays. Choosing Custom Essay you could possibly be sure the most suitable writer is going to be chosen to finish your term paper.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 18 Free Essays

13 â€Å"Yes,† said Hari Seldon wearily, â€Å"it was a great triumph. I had a wonderful time. I can hardly wait until I’m seventy so I can repeat it. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 18 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the fact is, I’m exhausted.† â€Å"So get yourself a good night’s sleep, Dad,† said Raych, smiling. â€Å"That’s an easy cure.† â€Å"I don’t know how well I can relax when I have to see our great leader in a few days.† â€Å"Not alone, you won’t see him,† said Dors Venabili grimly. Seldon frowned. â€Å"Don’t say that again, Dors. It is important for me to see him alone.† â€Å"It won’t be safe with you alone. Do you remember what happened ten years ago when you refused to let me come with you to greet the gardeners?† â€Å"There is no danger of my forgetting when you remind me of it twice a week, Dors. In this case, though, I intend to go alone. What can he want to do to me if I come in as an old man, utterly harmless, to find out what he wants?† â€Å"What do you imagine he wants?† said Raych, biting at his knuckle. â€Å"I suppose he wants what Cleon always wanted. It will turn out that he has found out that psychohistory can, in some way, predict the future and he will want to use it for his own purposes. I told Cleon the science wasn’t up to it nearly thirty years ago and I kept telling him that all through my tenure as First Minister-and now I’ll have to tell General Tennar the same thing.† â€Å"How do you know he’ll believe you?† said Raych. â€Å"I’ll think of some way of being convincing.† Dors said, â€Å"I do not wish you to go alone.† â€Å"Your wishing, Dors, makes no difference.† At this point, Tamwile Elar interrupted. He said, â€Å"I’m the only nonfamily person here. I don’t know if a comment from me would be welcome.† â€Å"Go ahead,† said Seldon. â€Å"Come one, come all.† â€Å"I would like to suggest a compromise. Why don’t a number of us go with the Maestro. Quite a few of us. We can act as his triumphal escort, a kind of finale to the birthday celebration. Now wait, I don’t mean that we will all crowd into the General’s offices. I don’t even mean entering the Imperial Palace grounds. We can just take hotel rooms in the Imperial Sector at the edge of the grounds-the Dome’s Edge Hotel would be just right-and we’ll give ourselves a day of pleasure.† â€Å"That’s just what I need,† snorted Seldon. â€Å"A day of pleasure.† â€Å"Not you, Maestro,† said Elar at once. â€Å"You’ll be meeting with General Tennar. The rest of us, though, will give the people of the Imperial Sector a notion of your popularity-and perhaps the General will take note also. And if he knows we’re all waiting for your return, it may keep him from being unpleasant.† There was a considerable silence after that. Finally Raych said, â€Å"It sounds too showy to me. It don’t fit in with the image the world has of Dad.† But Dors said, â€Å"I’m not interested in Hari’s image. I’m interested in Hari’s safety. It strikes me that if we cannot invade the General’s presence or the Imperial grounds, then allowing ourselves to accumulate, so to speak, as near the General as we can, might do us well. Thank you, Dr. Elar, for a very good suggestion.† â€Å"I don’t want it done,† said Seldon. â€Å"But I do,† said Dors, â€Å"and if that’s as close as I can get to offering you personal protection, then that much I will insist on.† Manella, who had listened to it all without comment till then, said, â€Å"Visiting the Dome’s Edge Hotel could be a lot of fun.† â€Å"It’s not fun I’m thinking of,† said Dors, â€Å"but I’ll accept your vote in favor.† And so it was. The following day some twenty of the higher echelon of the Psychohistory Project descended on the Dome’s Edge Hotel, with rooms overlooking the open spaces of the Imperial Palace grounds. The following evening Hari Seldon was picked up by the General’s armed guards and taken off to the meeting. At almost the same time Dors Venabili disappeared, but her absence was not noted for a long time. And when it was noted, no one could guess what had happened to her and the gaily festive mood turned rapidly into apprehension. 14 Dors Venabili had lived on the Imperial Palace grounds for ten years. As wife of the First Minister, she had entry to the grounds and could pass freely from the dome to the open, with her fingerprints as the pass. In the confusion that followed Cleon’s assassination, her pass had never been removed and now when, for the first time since that dreadful clay, she wanted to move from the dome into the open spaces of the grounds, she could do so. She had always known that she could do so easily only once, for, upon discovery, the pass would be canceled-but this was the one time to do it. There was a sudden darkening of the sky as she moved into the open and she felt a distinct lowering of the temperature. The world under the dome was always kept a little lighter during the night period than natural night would require and was kept a little dimmer during the day period. And, of course, the temperature beneath the dome was always a bit milder than the outdoors. Most Trantorians were unaware of this, for they spent their entire lives under the dome. To Dors it was expected, but it didn’t really matter. She took the central roadway, into which the dome opened at the site of the Dome’s Edge Hotel. It was, of course, brightly lit, so that the darkness of the sky didn’t matter at all. Dors knew that she would not advance a hundred meters along the roadway without being stopped, less perhaps in the present paranoid lays of the junta. Her alien presence would be detected at once. Nor was she disappointed. A small ground-car skittered up and the guardsman shouted out the window, â€Å"What are you doing here? Where are you going?† Dors ignored the question and continued to walk. The guardsman called out, â€Å"Halt!† Then he slammed on the brakes and stepped out of the car, which was exactly what Dors had wanted him to do. The guardsman was holding a blaster loosely in his hand-not threatening to use it, merely demonstrating its existence. He said, â€Å"Your reference number.† Dors said, â€Å"I want your car.† â€Å"What!† The guardsman sounded outraged. â€Å"Your reference number. Immediately!† And now the blaster came up. Dors said quietly, â€Å"You don’t need my reference number,† then she walked toward the guardsman. The guardsman took a backward step. â€Å"If you don’t stop and present your reference number, I’ll blast you.† â€Å"No! Drop your blaster.† The guardsman’s lips tightened. His finger began to edge toward the contact, but before he could reach it, he was lost. He could never describe afterward what happened in any accurate way. All he could say was â€Å"How was I to know it was The Tiger Woman?† (The time came when he would be proud of the encounter.) â€Å"She moved so fast, I didn’t see exactly what she did or what happened. One moment I was going to shoot her down-I was sure she was some sort of madwoman-and the next thing I knew, I was completely overwhelmed.† Dors held the guardsman in a firm grip, the hand with the blaster forced high. She said, â€Å"Either drop the blaster at once or I will break your arm.† The guardsman felt a kind of death grip around his chest that all but prevented him from breathing. Realizing he had no choice, he dropped the blaster. Dors Venabili released him, but before the guardsman could make a move to recover, he found himself facing his own blaster in Dors’s hand. Dors said, â€Å"I hope you’ve left your detectors in place. Don’t try to report what’s happened too quickly. You had better wait and decide what it is you plan to tell your superiors. The fact that an unarmed woman took your blaster and your car may well put an end to your usefulness to the junta.† Dors started the car and began to speed down the central roadway. A ten-year stay on the grounds told her exactly where she was going. The car she was in-an official ground-car-was not an alien intrusion into the grounds and would not be picked up as a matter of course. However, she had to take a chance on speed, for she wanted to reach her destination rapidly. She pushed the car to a speed of two hundred kilometers per hour. The speed, at least, eventually did attract attention. She ignored radioed cries, demanding to know why she was speeding, and before long the car’s detectors told her that another ground-car was in hot pursuit. She knew that there would be a warning sent up ahead and that there would be other ground-cars waiting for her to arrive, but there was little any of them could do, short of trying to blast her out of existence-something apparently no one was willing to try, pending further investigation. When she reached the building she had been heading for, two ground-cars were waiting for her. She climbed serenely out of her own car and walked toward the entrance. Two men at once stood in her way, obviously astonished that the driver of the speeding car was not a guardsman but a woman dressed in civilian clothes. â€Å"What are you doing here? What was the rush?† Dors said quietly, â€Å"Important message for Colonel Header Linn.† â€Å"Is that so?† said the guardsman harshly. There were now four men between her and the entrance. â€Å"Reference number, please.† Dors said, â€Å"Don’t delay me.† â€Å"Reference number, I said.† â€Å"You’re wasting my time.† One of the guardsmen said suddenly, â€Å"You know who she looks like? The old First Minister’s wife. Dr. Venabili. The Tiger Woman.† There was an odd backward step on the part of all four, but one of them said, â€Å"You’re under arrest.† â€Å"Am I?† said Dors. â€Å"If I’m The Tiger Woman, you must know that I am considerably stronger than any of you and that my reflexes are considerably faster. Let me suggest that all four of you accompany me quietly inside and we’ll see what Colonel Linn has to say.† â€Å"You’re under arrest† came the repetition and four blasters were aimed at Dors. â€Å"Well,† said Dors. â€Å"If you insist.† She moved rapidly and two of the guardsmen were suddenly on the ground, groaning, while Dors was standing with a blaster in each hand. She said, â€Å"I have tried not to hurt them, but it is quite possible that I have broken their wrists. That leaves two of you and I can shoot faster than you can. If either of you makes the slightest move-the slightest-I will have to break the habit of a lifetime and kill you. It will sicken me to do so and I beg you not to force me into it.† There was absolute silence from the two guardsmen still standing-no motion. â€Å"I would suggest,† said Dors, â€Å"that you two escort me into the colonel’s presence and that you then seek medical help for your comrades.† The suggestion was not necessary. Colonel Linn emerged from his office. â€Å"What is going on here? What is-â€Å" Dors turned to him. â€Å"Ah! Let me introduce myself. I am Dr. Dors Venabili, the wife of Professor Hari Seldon. I have come to see you on important business. These four tried to stop me and, as a result, two are badly hurt. Send them all about their business and let me talk to you. I mean you no harm.† Linn stared at the four guardsmen, then at Dors. He said calmly, â€Å"You mean me no harm? Though four guardsmen have not succeeded in stopping you, I have four thousand at my instant call.† â€Å"Then call them,† said Dors. â€Å"However quickly they come, it will not be in time to save you, should I decide to kill you. Dismiss your guardsmen and let us talk civilly.† Linn dismissed the guardsmen and said, â€Å"Well, come in and we will talk. Let me warn you, though, Dr. Venabili-I have a long memory.† â€Å"And I,† said Dors. They walked into Linn’s quarters together. 15 Linn said with utmost courtesy, â€Å"Tell me exactly why you are here, Dr. Venabili.† Dors smiled without menace-and yet not exactly pleasantly, either. â€Å"To begin with,† she said, â€Å"I have come here to show you that I can come here.† â€Å"Yes. My husband was taken to his interview with the General in an official ground-car under armed guard. I myself left the hotel at a the same time he did, on foot and unarmed-and here I am-and I believe I got here before he did. I had to wade through five guardsmen, including the guardsman whose car I appropriated, in order to reach you. I would have waded through fifty.† Linn nodded his head phlegmatically. â€Å"I understand that you are sometimes called The Tiger Woman.† â€Å"I have been called that. Now, having reached you, my task is to make certain that no harm comes to my husband. He is venturing into the General’s lair-if I can be dramatic about it-and I want him to emerge unharmed and unthreatened.† â€Å"As far as I am concerned, I know that no harm will come to your husband as a result of this meeting. But if you are concerned, why do you come to me? Why didn’t you go directly to the General?† â€Å"Because, of the two of you, it is you that has the brains.† There was a short pause and Linn said, â€Å"That would be a most dangerous remark-if overheard.† â€Å"More dangerous for you than for me, so make sure it is not overheard. Now, if it occurs to you that I am to be simply soothed and put off and that, if my husband is imprisoned or marked for execution, that there will really be nothing I can do about it, disabuse yourself.† She indicated the two blasters that lay on the table before her. â€Å"I entered the grounds with nothing. I arrived in your immediate vicinity with two blasters. If I had no blasters, I might have had knives, with which I am an expert. And if I had neither blasters nor knives, I would still be a formidable person. This table we’re sitting at is metal-obviously-and sturdy.† â€Å"It is.† Dors held up her hands, fingers splayed, as if to show that she held no weapon. Then she dropped them to the table and, palms down, caressed its surface. Abruptly Dors raised her fist and then brought it down on the table with a loud crash, which sounded almost as if metal were striking metal. She smiled and lifted her hand. â€Å"No bruise,† Dors said. â€Å"No pain. But you’ll notice that the table is slightly bent where I struck it. If that same blow had come down with the name force on a person’s head, the skull would have exploded. I have never done such a thing; in fact, I have never killed anyone, though I have injured several. Nevertheless, if Professor Seldon is harmed-â€Å" â€Å"You are still threatening.† â€Å"I am promising. I will do nothing if Professor Seldon is unharmed. Otherwise, Colonel Linn, I will be forced to maim or kill you and-I promise you again-I will do the same to General Tennar.† Linn said, â€Å"You cannot withstand an entire army, no matter how tigerish a woman you are. What then?† â€Å"Stories spread,† said Dors, â€Å"and are exaggerated. I have not really done much in the way of tigerishness, but many more stories are told of me than are true. Your guardsmen fell back when they recognized me and they themselves will spread the story, with advantage, of how I made my way to you. Even an army might hesitate to attack me, Colonel Linn, but even if they did and even if they destroyed me, beware the indignation of the people. The junta is maintaining order, but it is doing so only barely and you don’t want anything to upset matters. Think, then, of how easy the alternative is. Simply do not harm Professor Hari Seldon.† â€Å"We have no intention of harming him.† â€Å"Why the interview, then?† â€Å"What’s the mystery? The General is curious about psychohistory. The government records are open to us. The old Emperor Cleon was interested. Demerzel, when he was First Minister, was interested. Why should we not be in our turn? In fact, more so.† â€Å"Why more so?† â€Å"Because time has passed. As I understand it, psychohistory began as a thought in Professor Seldon’s mind. He has been working on it, with increasing vigor and with larger and larger groups of people, for nearly thirty years. He has done so almost entirely with government support, so that, in a way, his discoveries and techniques belong to the government. We intend to ask him about psychohistory, which, by now, must be far advanced beyond what existed in the times of Demerzel and Cleon, and we expect him to tell us what we want to know. We want something more practical than the vision of equations curling their way through air. Do you understand me?† â€Å"Yes,† said Dors, frowning. â€Å"And one more thing. Do not suppose that the danger to your husband comes from the government only and that any harm that reaches him will mean that you must attack us at once. I would suggest that Professor Seldon may have purely private enemies. I have no knowledge of such things, but surely it is possible.† â€Å"I shall keep that in mind. Right now, I want to have you arrange that I join my husband during his interview with the General. I want to know, beyond doubt, that he is safe.† â€Å"That will be hard to arrange and will take some time. It would be impossible to interrupt the conversation, but if you wait till it is ended-â€Å" â€Å"Take the time and arrange it. Do not count on double-crossing me and remaining alive.† 16 General Tennar stared at Hari Seldon in a rather pop-eyed manner and his fingers tapped lightly at the desk where he sat. â€Å"Thirty years,† he said. â€Å"Thirty years and you are telling me you still have nothing to show for it?† â€Å"Actually, General, twenty-eight years.† Tennar ignored that. â€Å"And all at government expense. Do you know how many billions of credits have been invested in your Project, Professor?† â€Å"I haven’t kept up, General, but we have records that could give me the answer to your question in seconds.† â€Å"And so have we. The government, Professor, is not an endless source of funds. These are not the old times. We don’t have Cleon’s old free-and-easy attitude toward finances. Raising taxes is hard and we need credits for many things. I have called you here, hoping that you can benefit us in some way with your psychohistory. If you cannot, then I must tell you, quite frankly, that we will have to shut off the faucet. If you can continue your research without government funding, do so, for unless you show me something that would make the expense worth it, you will have to do just that.† â€Å"General, you make a demand I cannot meet, but, if in response, you and government support, you will be throwing away the future. Give me wile** and eventually-â€Å" â€Å"Various governments have heard that ‘eventually’ from you for decades. Isn’t it true, Professor, that you say your psychohistory predicts that the junta is unstable, that my rule is unstable, that in a short time it will collapse?† Seldon frowned. â€Å"The technique is not yet firm enough for me to say that this is something that psychohistory states.† â€Å"I put it to you that psychohistory does state it and that this is common knowledge within your Project.† â€Å"No,† said Seldon warmly. â€Å"No such thing. It is possible that some among us have interpreted some relationships to indicate that the junta may be an unstable form of government, but there are other relationships that may easily be interpreted to show it is stable. That is the reason why we must continue our work. At the present moment it is all too easy to use incomplete data and imperfect reasoning to reach any conclusion we wish.† â€Å"But if you decide to present the conclusion that the government is unstable and say that psychohistory warrants it-even if it does not actually do so-will it not add to the instability?† â€Å"It may very well do that, General. And if we announced that the government is stable, it may well add to the stability. I have had this very same discussion with Emperor Cleon on a number of occasions. It is possible to use psychohistory as a tool to manipulate the emotions of the people and achieve short-term effects. In the long run, however, the predictions are quite likely to prove incomplete or downright erroneous and psychohistory will lose all its credibility and it will be as though it had never existed.† â€Å"Enough! Tell me straight out! What do you think psychohistory shows about my government?† â€Å"It shows, we think, that there are elements of instability in it, but we are not certain-and cannot be certain-exactly in what way this can be made worse or made better.† â€Å"In other words, psychohistory simply tells you what you would know without psychohistory and it is that in which government has invested uncounted piles of credits.† â€Å"The time will come when psychohistory will tell us what we could not know without it and then the investment will pay itself back many, many times over.† â€Å"And how long will it be before that time comes?† â€Å"Not too long, I hope. We have been making rather gratifying progress in the last few years.† Tennar was tapping his fingernail on his desk again. â€Å"Not enough. Tell me something helpful now. Something useful.† Seldon pondered, then said, â€Å"I can prepare a detailed report for you, but it will take time.† â€Å"Of course it will. Days, months, years-and somehow it will never be written. Do you take me for a fool?† â€Å"No, of course not, General. However, I don’t want to be taken for a fool, either. I can tell you something that I will take sole responsibility for. I have seen it in my psychohistorical research, but I may have misinterpreted what I saw. However, since you insist-â€Å" â€Å"I insist.† â€Å"You mentioned taxes a little while ago. You said raising taxes was difficult. Certainly. It is always difficult. Every government must do its work by collecting wealth in one form or another. The only two ways in which such credits can be obtained are, first, by robbing a neighbor, or second, persuading a government’s own citizens to grant the credits willingly and peaceably. â€Å"Since we have established a Galactic Empire that has been conducting its business in reasonable fashion for thousands of years, there is no possibility of robbing a neighbor, except as the result of an occasional rebellion and its repression. This does not happen often enough to support a government-and, if it did, the government would be too unstable to last long, in any case.† Seldon drew a deep breath and went on. â€Å"Therefore, credits must be raised by asking the citizens to hand over part of their wealth for government use. Presumably, since the government will then work efficiently, the citizens can better spend their credits in this way than to hoard it-each man to himself-while living in a dangerous and chaotic anarchy. â€Å"However, though the request is reasonable and the citizenry is better off paying taxes as their price for maintaining a stable and efficient government, they are nevertheless reluctant to do so. In order to overcome this reluctance, governments must make it appear that they are not taking too many credits, and that they are considering each citizen’s rights and benefits. In other words, they must lower the percentage taken out of low incomes; they must allow deductions of various kinds to be made before the tax is assessed, and so on. â€Å"As time goes on, the tax situation inevitably grows more and more complex as different worlds, different sectors within each world, and different economic divisions all demand and require special treatment. Me result is that the tax-collecting branch of the government grows in size and complexity and tends to become uncontrollable. The average citizen cannot understand why or how much he is being taxed; what he can get away with and what he can’t. The government and the tax agency itself are often in the dark as well. â€Å"What’s more, an ever-larger fraction of the funds collected must be put into running the overelaborate tax agency-maintaining records, pursuing tax delinquents-so the amount of credits available for good, and useful purposes declines despite anything we can do.** â€Å"In the end, the tax situation becomes overwhelming. It inspires discontent and rebellion. The history books tend to ascribe these things to greedy businessmen, to corrupt politicians, to brutal warriors, to ambitious viceroys-but these are just the individuals who take advantage of the tax overgrowth.† The General said harshly, â€Å"Are you telling me that our tax system is overcomplicated?† Seldon said, â€Å"If it were not, it would be the only one in history that wasn’t, as far as I know. If there is one thing that psychohistory tells me is inevitable, it is tax overgrowth.† â€Å"And what do we do about it?† â€Å"That I cannot tell you. It is that for which I would like to prepare a report that-as you say-may take a while to get ready.† â€Å"Never mind the report. The tax system is overcomplicated, isn’t it? Isn’t that what you are saying?† â€Å"It is possible that it is,† said Seldon cautiously. â€Å"And to correct that, one must make the tax system simpler-as simple as possible, in fact.† â€Å"I would have to study-â€Å" â€Å"Nonsense. The opposite of great complication is great simplicity. I don’t need a report to tell me that.† â€Å"As you say, General,† said Seldon. At this point the General looked up suddenly, as though he had been called-as, indeed, he had been. His fists clenched and holovision images of Colonel Linn and Dors Venabili suddenly appeared in the room. Thunderstruck, Seldon exclaimed, â€Å"Dors! What are you doing here?† The General said nothing, but his brow furrowed into a frown. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 18, Essay examples

Project management

Introduction Background to the study Existing studies show that organisations are increasingly adopting project approach in their quest to attain their desired growth. For a project to succeed, it is imperative for organisational management teams to implement effective project management practices.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project management – Petronas Limited specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Artto, Kujala, Dietrich, and Martinsuo (2008) define project management as the application of techniques, skills, and tools in order to meet the set project requirements. Moreover, organisational managers have an obligation to ensure that the project plans and goals align with the set organisational goals. Artto et al. (2008) assert that projects are intrinsically complex due to their multi-stakeholder characteristics. Some of the key stakeholders include customers’ project team members, the performing organisations, project managers, and sponsors. Therefore, the success with which projects are implemented is subject to the degree of inclusiveness of all the involved stakeholders. These stakeholders have varying project interests. Additionally, projects are usually resource intensive. Subsequently, project failure can lead to loss of the desired competitive advantage. Considering the complexity projects, it is fundamental for organisational managers to appreciate the importance of effective project implementation (Nevitt Fabozzi 2000). In an effort to improve its competitiveness, the Petronas’ Chief Executive Officer announced the company’s decision to invest in a new project, which entailed implementing a Human Resource Information System (HRIS) in 2012. The decision was informed by the need linked to the company’s strategic human resource management practices. Some of the aspects that the new HRIS would assist in include tracking the employees’ perfo rmance, hence improving the firm’s effectiveness in formulating employee training and development program. Furthermore, the new HRIS also aimed at improving the firm’s effectiveness in the recruitment and selection process. Subsequently, the firm will be in a position to improve its human capital base. Aim and scope The success of the project is greatly influenced by the project strategy adopted. Subsequently, the significance of adopting effective project management strategies cannot be underestimated. This report examines the project management strategies adopted by Petronas in implementing the new HRIS coupled with how it has contributed to the improvement in the company’s performance.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company profile Petronas is a government owned company, which was established in 1974. The firm operates in the Malaysian oil and gas i ndustry and its headquarters are located at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The firm’s operations entail the production of natural gas, petroleum, and petrochemicals. Furthermore, the firm also provides shipping services. Since its establishment, the firm has attained substantial growth, as evidenced by its ranking in position 75 amongst the Fortune Global 500. By the end of 2013, Petronas was ranked 12th amongst the most profitable organisations in the world. The company’s revenue during its 2012 financial year amounted to $97.35 billion, while its net income was $ 21.91 billion (Petronas 2014). The firm has ventured into over 35 countries. Its operations around the world are facilitated by a well-trained workforce, which is comprised of over 40,000 employees (Petronas 2014). Furthermore, its success has arisen from the adoption of effective management practices. One of the aspects that the firm has taken into account relates to the formulation of a comprehensive organisation al structure, which ensures that operations are effectively coordinated. The firm has adopted a flat organisational structure in order to foster internal communication as illustrated by the organisational chart below. Source: (The OfficialBoard.com 2013) Petronas has experienced significant growth in the level of its profitability. The figure below illustrates the growth in the firm’s revenues between 2012 and 2013.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project management – Petronas Limited specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Revenue 2012 2013 March 914.802 910.443 June 887.363 930.767 September 865.599 1022.86 December 3576.77 1028.07 Figures in million Ringgit Source: (Reuters, 2014) The firm’s profits increased to RM 12,763 7 million in 2012 (Petronas 2014). Petronas is committed to achieving a high level of sustainable development. One of the avenues through which the firm inte nds to achieve sustainability is by investing in effective information communication technologies. Analysis; contribution of project management strategies to Petronas performance Artto et al. (2008, p. 5) assert that strategically ‘managed projects are focused on achieving business results, while operationally managed products are focused on getting the job done’. Longman and Mullins (2004) are of the opinion that the success of strategic and operational projects is dependent on a number of elements, regardless of the nature of the organisation. Some of the project management strategies adopted by Petronas are evaluated below. Failure to take into account these elements increases the likelihood of project failure. Workplace communication Effective internal communication is paramount in an organisation’s efforts to achieve the desired level of competitiveness. Adams, Means, and Spivey (2007, p. 76) is of the opinion that â€Å"workplace communication should be co nsidered as an investment rather than a cost item in organisations’ operation’. Organisational performance is influenced by the extent to which the various internal organisational stakeholders collaborate with each other. The Petronas’ management team understood the importance of effective communication in creating awareness to all the stakeholders involved.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management was committed to ensuring that the project team members collaborate in implementing the project, which led to the achievement of the desired synergy. The project manager implemented an effective communication strategy in order to establish the critical links amongst the different stakeholders. Subsequently, the firm was in a position to promote the flow of ideas and information in the organisation. Artto et al. (2008) argue that internal organisational communication is fundamental in fostering collaboration amongst the various stakeholders. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000, p. 117), â€Å"everyone involved in the project must be prepared to send and receive communications and must understand how the communications in which they are involved as individuals affect the project as a whole† (p. 117). Poor project communication leads to breakdown in the project implementation process. In an order to improve exchange of ideas amongst the pro ject team members, Petronas undertook a comprehensive project communication planning. This goal was achieved by undertaking a comprehensive analysis of the communication and information needs of the various project stakeholders. The project manager provided frequent reports to all the stakeholders on the project status. The project manager undertook a comprehensive analysis of the various information needs amongst the stakeholders. This goal was achieved by evaluating the appropriateness of the information required with regard to content, detail, and format (Adams, Means Spivey 2007). Furthermore, the communication planning process entailed determining how the information would be communicated to the respective stakeholders efficiently and effectively by formulating policy on the frequency of communication. In order to ensure effective exchange of information, Petronas adopted different communication tools such as information communication technologies and internal memos. This move played a fundamental role in improving the effectiveness with which the stakeholders were conversant with the project. The communication strategy has played a fundamental role in improving the firm’s competitiveness, and hence its performance. First, the firm’s employees appreciate the importance of collaboration in executing their duties. Subsequently, Petronas has successfully eliminated the imbalance in its internal communications. Furthermore, the firm’s effectiveness in fostering interdepartmental communication has improved the competency level significantly amongst the firm’s workforce. The adoption of effective project communication strategy has played a remarkable role in enhancing the effectiveness with which Petronas has improved the relationship amongst its employees. This aspect has arisen from the development of a high degree of trust amongst the organisation’s employees (Rad Levin 2003). Therefore, the firm has minimised conflicts a mongst employees remarkably. Furthermore, the firm has successfully transformed itself into a knowledge-based organisation. Information and knowledge sharing are some of the most important aspects in an organisation’s pursuit for business excellence. Kalla (2005) further asserts that knowledge sharing is achieved through ongoing social collaboration and interaction, which fosters exchange of information in the organisation. Human resource management In the process of implementing the new HRIS at Petronas, the project manager was cognisant of the importance of developing a comprehensive project team. The project team members were sourced internally by selecting employees from different departments. This decision was informed by the need to foster exchange of ideas and knowledge amongst employees, which would enhance the project implementation process. One of the aspects that the project manager took into account in establishing the project team is team development. The project manager selected the team members based on their competence in order to promote team project performance (Cobb 2012). By adopting the concept of team development, Petronas has been in a position to integrate teamwork into its organisational culture. The organisation’s management team appreciates various team building elements such as managing the employees’ conflicts. Furthermore, incorporating team development in its operations has led to greater appreciation of the importance of employee development. This aspect arose from the view that the process of implementing the project was undertaken in-house. Consequently, the firm undertook comprehensive training on the selected project team members in order to ensure that they are conversant with the relevant skills in implementing the new HRIS. Additionally, the firm has extensively appreciated the importance of delegating tasks amongst the team members. This move has played a fundamental role in ensuring that the firmâ⠂¬â„¢s employees are provided with an opportunity to progress through their career path. According to Westland (2007), successful completion of a project is influenced by the quality of the organisation’s human capital. Some of the team building activities that the firm undertook include ensuring that the team members were extensively involved in team performance. The firm also established rules and regulations that aimed at guiding the project implementation process. Furthermore, the firm undertook status review meetings periodically in order to assess team progress. This move played a fundamental role in promoting interpersonal relationships amongst employees. Additionally, team-building activities have also improved the firm’s level of appreciation of the importance of implementing a comprehensive employee recognition and reward systems. Subsequently, the firm has effectively reinforced the desired employee behaviours, which has led to improvement in the level of em ployee productivity. For example, due to the high level of motivation, the firm’s employees have become creative and enthusiastic in undertaking their job responsibilities. Risk management The process of implementing projects may be affected adversely by the occurrence of risks. Projects have unique features that vary from one project to another. Some of the sources of projects risks include the assumptions made, project budget, and project timing. Moreover, project risks originate from commercial, technical, and relational aspects. Consequently, it is imperative for project managers to implement effective risk management strategies. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000, p. 127) defines risk management as ‘the systematic process of identifying, analysing, and responding to project risks’. In the process of implementing the new HRIS, Petronas implemented a comprehensive risk management strategy. The strategy entailed focusing on a number of issues which include risk evaluation, risk assessment, and risk mitigation. During the risk analysis phase, Petronas ensured that the various components that constitute the new Human Resource Information System were analysed. The project manager assessed the HRIS hardware, software, and data critically in order to identify possible gaps. This move was aimed at determining the likelihood of the project achieving the intended goal. Furthermore, the project manager undertook a comprehensive risk mitigation process, which was achieved through risk prioritisation, risk evaluation, and control mechanism. Subsequently, the firm was in a position to implement the necessary security measures in order to minimise the likelihood of system failure upon its implementation. Therefore, the HRIS project enabled Petronas to develop a broad perspective on the impact of risk in an organisation’s long-term survival. Available literature shows that poor risk management can cause organisational failure, as evi denced by failure of major organisations such as Enron and WorldCom. Subsequently, Petronas has appreciated the role of implementing effective risk management techniques such as risk acceptance, risk avoidance, risk mitigation, and risk transference. The contemporary business environment is characterised by numerous changes arising from the macro-environmental business environment. These changes are increasing the degree of uncertainty amongst businesses (Khosrowpour 2006). In order to survive in such an environment, it is imperative for organisational managers to implement effective risk management strategies. Lau (2005, p. 4) asserts that an ‘organisation’s risk can proliferate at a faster rate than its ability to provide coverage’. Therefore, the appreciation of project risk-management strategies has improved the Petronas’ performance with regard to risk identification and prioritisation. Subsequently, the firm has successfully minimised occurrence of l oss in its investment process. One of the areas in which the firm has been successful in relates to effective allocation of the scarce resources. In an effort to improve its performance, the Petronas’ management team has adopted a broad approach to risk management, which has improved the effectiveness with which it transforms risks into results as illustrated by the diagram below. Source: (Lau 2005) Quality management Project managers have an obligation to ensure that the quality of the project is maintained, which underscores the importance of adopting effective quality management strategies. Additionally, quality management is focused at ensuring that the outcome of the project contributes to a high level of satisfaction amongst the target project stakeholders (Rose 2005). In the course of implementing the new HRIS system, the Petronas’ project manager ensured that high quality standards were maintained. This goal was achieved by taking into account a number of qual ity management concepts, which include quality control, quality assurance, and quality planning. Petronas undertook a comprehensive quality planning by identifying the quality standards that were relevant in the process of implementing the new HRIS project. By implementing the new HRIS project, Petronas has gained sufficient knowledge on a number of quality planning tools and techniques. Some of the techniques utilised include benchmarking, cost-benefit analysis, and flow-charting. Benchmarking will improve the effectiveness with which Petronas sets and achieves its desired targets. Subsequently, the firm will be in a position to develop ideas on the most effective way to undertake improvement of its products and services. Furthermore, the firm’s management team has also gained sufficient knowledge on the importance of evaluating the cost and benefit tradeoffs (Satzinger Burd 2008). The firm’s performance has also improved due to additional knowledge on how to solve d ifferent organisational problems by utilising the cause-and-effect diagrams or the fishbone diagram. The use of flowcharting technique has significantly improved the effectiveness with which the organisation’s management team understands how the various organisational elements are interrelated. Schwalbe (2010) asserts that lack of poor problem solving strategies can adversely affect the productivity of an organisation, and hence its performance. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000, p. 98) asserts that the ‘primary benefit of meeting quality requirements is less re-work, which means higher productivity, lower costs, and increased stakeholder satisfaction’. Through effective quality management, Petronas has remarkably improved its performance by minimising the cost involved in the process of developing its products. Furthermore, the firm has appreciated the importance of developing a comprehensive quality management plan, which describes the elements tha t the firm will follow in its quest to adhere to quality management. In addition to quality planning, adoption of project quality-management strategies has improved the Petronas’ performance through the appreciation of the concept of quality assurance. Quality assurance refers to a systematic and planned process through which the project manager ensures that the project being implemented will adhere to the set quality standards. The Petronas’ project manager was committed at ensuring that the new HRIS was implemented successfully in the organisation. In order to achieve this goal, the project manager undertook periodic quality audits in order to determine how the quality management process could be improved. The quality audits were undertaken under the watch of a trained in-house auditor. Subsequently, the organisation was in a position to enhance the employees’ skills and knowledge. Petronas improved performance has also arisen from its improved commitment to q uality control. During the process of implementing the new HRIS, the firm’s management team appreciated the importance of undertaking effective equality control in order to identify possible quality gaps and to eliminate unsatisfactory elements in the project (Taylor 2008). The firm has appreciated the importance of undertaking continuous quality control, as evidenced by the establishment of a quality control department. Additionally, the firm has gained sufficient knowledge on the different quality control tools and techniques such as trend analysis, use of Pareto diagrams, flowcharting, and statistical sampling. Conclusion and Recommendations Investing in the new HRIS system has played a significant role in improving the Petronas Company’s performance. This assertion arises from the view that the firm’s management team has gained additional knowledge on different project management strategies, which are being applied continuously in the firm’s day-to-da y operations. The report shows that the firm’s ranking amongst the Fortune 500 companies has increased significantly. Additionally, the firm has also experienced remarkable growth in the level of its profitability as illustrated in the company profile. One of the strategies that the firm took into account in implementing the new HRIS entails ensuring that all the project stakeholders were conversant with the firm’s decision to adopt a new technology and its contribution to all the stakeholders. This goal was achieved by communicating the decision to all the stakeholders. This aspect has significantly enhanced the firm’s communication to its stakeholders, hence nurturing a high level of collaboration. Additionally, adopting effective project communication has significantly improved the firm’s communication culture. The firm’s improved performance has also emanated from the improved appreciation of the importance of effective risk management. The Pet ronas’ management team has gained additional knowledge on how to apply a broad view in identifying and managing risks. Subsequently, the firm is in a position to turn possible risks into results. The process of implementing the new project also took into account effective quality management practices. Therefore, the company’s management team has developed a higher appreciation on the significance of ensuring that all its target stakeholders are satisfied. This goal has been achieved by incorporating different quality management practices such as quality control, quality assurance, and quality planning in its strategic management practices. Moreover, the firm’s performance has also been enhanced by the adoption of effective human resource management practices. Some of the skills that the firm has nurtured relate to team building and development. The firm has also appreciated the importance of integrating effective employee reward system in order to nurture a high level of motivation. Subsequently, the firm has successfully improved the level of productivity amongst its workforce. The benefits gained from the project management strategies may not be sustainable in the future. Consequently, it is imperative for the firm’s management team to evaluate continuously the developed organisational culture with regard to quality management, risk management, workplace communication, and human resource management in order to identify possible gaps. This move will enable the firm to undertake the necessary improvements, hence improving its ability to remain competitive in the global oil and gas industry. Reference List Adams, T, Means, J Spivey, M 2007, The project meeting facilitators: facilitation skills to make the most of project meetings, John Wiley, Hoboken. Artto, K, Kujala, J, Dietrich, P Martinsuo, M 2008, ‘What is project strategy’, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 26 no.6, pp. 4-12. Cobb, T 2012, Leading project teams: the basics of project management and team leadership, Sage, Thousand Oaks. Kalla, H 2005, ‘Integrated internal communications; a multidisciplinary perspective’, Corporate Communications; An international Journal, vol. 10 no. 4, pp. 302-314. Khosrowpour, M 2006, Emerging trends and challenges in information technology management, Idea Group, Hershey. Lau, L 2005, Managing business with SAP: planning, implementation and evaluation, Idea Group, Hershey. Longman, A Mullins, J 2004, ‘Project management; key tool for implementing strategy’, Journal of Business Strategy, vol.25 no.5, pp. 54-60. Nevitt, P Fabozzi, F 2000, Project financing, EuroMoney, London. Petronas: Sustainability 2014. Web. Project Management Body of Knowledge: A guide to the project management body of knowledge 2000, Electronic Imaging Services Inc., Oak Street. Rad, P Levin, G 2003, Achieving project management success using virtual teams, Ross, Boca Raton. Reuters: Petrona s gas Bhd 2014. Web. Rose, K 2005, Project quality management; why, what and how, J. Ross Publishing, Boca Raton. Satzinger, J Burd, S 2008, Systems analysis and design in a changing world, Course Technology, Cambridge. Schwalbe, K 2010, Information technology project management, Cengage Learning, Boston. Taylor, J 2008, Project scheduling and cost control: planning, monitoring and controlling the baseline, Ross Publication, Boca Raton. The OfficalBoard.com: Organisational chart; Petronas 2013. Web. Westland, J 2007, The project management lifecycle: a complete step-by-step methodology for initiating, planning, executing and closing a project successfully, Kogan Page, London. This report on Project management – Petronas Limited was written and submitted by user Jason Mcbride to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Project Management The art of managing multiple tasks in a project is referred to as project management. House refurbishment is a project that requires a competent contractor with a perfect project plan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management – House Refurbishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The contractor should be able to manage the work to completion. House renovations can be tasking, because it requires precision and speed. A good project management plan has five basic components, which include project definition, project planning stage, project implementation, project regulator, and project finishing. The project definition A contractor outlines the objectives of his/her mission, and the components that are required to execute the project. The contractor should be able to produce a list of materials and inputs required for the renovation work. The house owner will have to see that the project plan meets his/her requirements before funding the project. The quickest way to fail in a house renovation plan is not to have a well-defined project plan. Planning stage This stage consists of the project timeline, and the project schedules for the house to be refurbished. The contractor will efficiently manage site tasks, day-to-day activities on a paper before the actual work commences. Without a paper work, it may be difficult to have a quality project implementation. At this stage, the project contractor will have a list of people that will be on his/her project team and how they will execute the work. Project implementation This is the work stage. The materials are on ground, and the laborers are in sight. The renovating work has started and work is in progress. This stage requires less stress and may be the last stage that must be done before the project handover. By the time the work is completed, the project contractor and the owner of the house will harmonize their differences in th e contract sum and any other task relating to the project. Risk assessment The risk involved in a project implementation, is the choice of a contractor or the project manager. If the contractor is not qualified for the work, but eventually wins the contract, it will be a failed project from the start. There are factors to consider in choosing your contractor. The contractor must have a list of references from customers that can testify about the quality of his/her work.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The contractor must be covered by an insurance scheme because of unforeseen hazards. For example if a contractor accidentally dies during work, it can cause problems for the project owner if the contractor is not covered by any insurance scheme. Thus in order to avoid this problem, the choice of a contractor must meet specific requirements. A qualified contractor should be able to produce a precise risk assessment of the project, thereby reducing hazards for the project. In a situation where there is no binding agreement for the contract, both parties may enter into conflict with payments. Do not fall for any cheap contractor who insists that the terms of the agreement should be informal. A well-written contract paper will be used even as a legal document whenever the need arises. It will also state the cost required to fund the project, and all the details of how the funds will be released. This is where most projects are terminated because of bridge of contract terms from one of the parties involved. Finally, if the risks are known, then project implementation will be successful. This essay on Project Management – House Refurbishment was written and submitted by user Sadie Glover to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.