Development methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Development methods - Essay Example There are both undertaken to improve the performance measure or increase the cost saving opportunities. Organic growth is whereby a strategy is achieved through building on advancing the capabilities of an organization. It is defined as the growth rates of the firm excluding the scale increases from mergers, acquisition or takeovers (Hess, 2007). In strategic alliance, more than one  firm  shares resources and activities in order to pursue a strategy. Hassanien, Dale and Clarke (2010, 17) define strategic alliance as an arrangement between two or more independent firms, which makes a decision of operating in a certain business. This is through jointly coordinating resources and skills on their own or merging their operations. Microfinance industry is one of the institutions that have been growing significantly through organic, merger, acquisition and strategic alliance. This sector has attracted many investors because of varied reasons, hence strategically increasing the performance level. The first reason is that the industry is not only based on financial motives but also managerial and market share motives. Many microfinance firms have been operating their business where there are potential markets. Shenkar and Reuer (2006, p. 123) argue that many microfinance industries strive to survive in the global competitive market; thus many of them seek for alternative means of surviving in the competitive global market. Therefore, they conduct mergers and acquisitions as well as choose organic growth and strategic alliance in order to achieve successful business performance. The merger between Britvic and AG Barr is inclined; thus it is a share deal with management emerging from both companies. The deal is structured as an acquisition from both companies and the shareholders seem to be on the top. Both organizations share the shame profits and the annual cost savings are

Japanese History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese History - Research Paper Example The system of governance adopted by the Japanese was influenced by the Chinese system of government. The Imperial Court of the Japan was based on the working of the Imperial Court which existed in the ancient Chinese culture. The ranks and titles in the bureaucracy were structured around the Chinese pattern. Although numerous Japanese rulers during the sixth and seventh century included the Chinese system in their governing system, Prince Shotoku was prominent among them, as he was more inclined towards a complete adoption of Chinese system. â€Å"Prince Shotoku a major political figure at that time, was credited with formally adopting major elements of Chinese culture, including Buddhism and Confucianism, as well as the system of government and calendar.† (Hong, 2000). The Chinese system of governance was based on the ideals of Confucianism. As Confucianism had already entered Japan and influenced the religious beliefs and attitudes of the Japanese people, the Japanese aimed to incorporate the Confucian ideals in their governing system. During the Tokugawa period, Confucianism influenced the working of the political organizations of the country. The Japanese adopted the Chinese system of government but they also placed all the administrative powers in the hand of the emperor. The final decision regarding governing policies rested with the emperor. Along with bureaucratic policies, Japanese also followed the Chinese system while planning their cities and irrigation system. The Chinese style of architecture was adopted by the Japanese while building their temples and monasteries. The cities in Japan resembled Chinese cities in various ways, as both of them were built following a similar pattern. This period saw a strong Chinese pattern to the government, Chinese style buildings with tile roofs, Chinese writing, and expansion of Buddhism throughout Japan. Japanese ancient capitals in the 18th

A Case Study Of Standard Chartered Bank

A Case Study Of Standard Chartered Bank This chapter provides an introduction of the study with the main areas presented including the importance of communication in an organisation, branding, intranet, the problem statement, purpose, research questions, limitations and assumptions that will govern the study. Background of the Study Communication is an organisational asset which has a big impact on the success of the business. Communication serves a number of important functions in an organisation such as sharing and clarifying goals, identifying how goals are to be achieved, exerting control, motivating others, developing a sense of community and commitment, sharing information and creating common understanding. It is estimated that employees spend about four fifth of their working life communicating (Ferreira, 2006). Communication in the organisation is central to the success of the business and must be taken into consideration in a quest to increase organisational competitive advantage. According to a study conducted in the U.S. by Watson Wyatt, a human resources consulting firm, companies that communicate more effectively with their employees have a lower turnover rate (on average 33.3 percent) than those that communicate less effectively (average 51.6 percent) (Ewing, 2007). Du Plessis and Boshoff (2008, p.3) defined internal communication as the communication between people working together to achieve individual or collective organisational goals. Internal communication, also referred to as organisational communication, is the process of communication between the people within the organisation (Scheffer Crystal, 2008). Internal communication process is used to maintain good relationships, describe tasks, give instructions and communicate the goals and philosophy of the organisation (Ferreira, 2006). Effective internal communication is a major contributor to the success of change initiatives in organisations. In particular, at the individual level, appropriate in ternal communication helps employees to understand both the need for change, and the personal effects of the proposed change (Goodman Truss, 2004). The study of internal communication is arguably one of the fastest growing areas within the field of communication, with a 25-30 percent growth rate in the past five years. In fact, studies indicate that organisations are pointing to effective internal communication as an influential factor in business success (Cees, Berens, Dijkastra, 2005; Holtz, 2006). Internal communication is defined as the formal and informal communication taking place internally at all levels of an organisation (Kalla, 2005, p.304). Research on internal communication is cross disciplinary, and the number of available definitions reflects this fact. Internal communication can be termed as internal marketing, organisational communication, employee relations (Quirke, 2000), management communication, internal media, cross-departmental communication (Greenbaum, Clampitt, Willihnganz, 1988), business or corporate communication (Kitchen, 1997), strategic communication (Argenti, 2007) or integrated internal communic ations (Kalla, 2005). Welch and Jackson (2007) view internal communication from a stakeholder approach and define it as the strategic management of interactions and relationships between stakeholders at all levels within organisations (p. 183). Literature spanning the last 10 years suggests that good internal communication management is one of the pivotal steps towards successful and productive communication within an organisation (Holtz, 2006; Karian Box, 2006; Cees et al., 2005; Quirke, 2000a; Tourish Hargie, 2000a). Welch and Jackson (2007) state that; internal communication management includes participation in communication, its direction and the content of communication (p.184). However, participation and direction of communication is strongly influenced by the hierarchical structure of the organisation where issues of status, power, rank and prerequisites often cloud the form and content of upward communication (Silburyte, 2004, p.192). Today, organisations are adopting flatter more dynamic structures which have more inclusive participation from all levels of the organisation (Silburyte, 2004) as well as varied content including new developments, organisational achievements, appraisal discussions and employee roles, noted previously in Welch and Jacksons four dimensions of internal communication (see Table 2.1). Similarly, Quirke (2000a) also suggests that internal communication can be shared across different organisational departments and likens it to a jigsaw where each section is responsible for a piece of the internal communication puzzle (i.e. the core departments within an organization). This metaphor suggests that internal communication is more than the realm of corporate communication and is involved in all areas of the organisation. Branding In the modern global competitive environment, corporate branding has become an important source of sustainable competitive advantage and a central element of corporate strategy (Balmer Gray, 2003). It includes core values cherished by a company, its corporate culture, identity, business model, people and it can be described as -the visual, verbal and behavioral expression of corporate identity and business model (CicvariĆ¡, 2006). The corporate branding strategy determines the manner in which a company will fulfill its mission and vision, and realize value for its stakeholders (Jarventie-Thesleff et al, 2011). It is most often expressed through the so-called brand promise which the company has to live and maintain in everyday business, to all stakeholders (Aaker, 2004). In delivering the value and brand promise, as well as in the application of each branding strategy, a strategic part is played by the companys employees (from top management to those on lower-level positions, who co-operate daily with different stakeholders. The employees role becomes clear when considered in conjunction with the corporate branding strategy framework, which is not only the products and services it sells, but it also represents what the company does and actually is, (i.e. a functionally and emotionally rounded unity). Due to intensive technological changes, the life cycle of products and services has a declining tendency, so corporate branding becomes the cornerstone for building and maintaining relations with stakeholders. One the other hand, the corporate reputation definition; describing reputation-as a set of relatively long-term impressions, attitudes and emotions of individuals or groups in respect of an organization, established through experience or partially credible indirect information, in the context of personal and social expectations, which impacts intentions or behavior of individuals or groups in connection with that specific organization (Vlastelica BakiĆ¡, 2012), helps to grasp the significance of employees in the establishment of beliefs and attitudes of the companys other stakeholders. The value of corporate branding and reputation yields benefits for the company which increases its financial performances and market value on the long run. This represents valuable reso urces which competitors cannot copy or imitate. Aside from reputation, being the organizations intangible capital, another precious resource that is unique and attributable to one company only involves its employees, their knowledge, abilities and skills. Kotler Wong, Saunders and Armstrong (2005) define a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of these, that identifies the maker or seller of a product or service and seeks to differentiate them from those of competitors. The brand is more or less the essence of an organization that informs the customers choice to interact with one brand over another. It is therefore clear that by focusing more efforts on branding, organisations can attempt to differentiate themselves more in the minds of customers and potential customers by increasing the value propositions associated with their brands and create a strong brand image and presence in the market thus giving them a stronger competitive advantage. Fernandez (2004) defines a corporate brand as the institutions image, reputation, financial assets, performance and people. Thus, the corporate brand of an organisation tells us what to expect from the organisation as a whole the set of values, promises, standards and characteristics of an organisation as embodied in the brand. It is thus the totality of the organisation and what it represents and what it hopes to achieve through provision of goods and services in the ordinary course of business. A brand can thus be said to constitute the collection of associations in the mind of a customer connected to the brand e.g. quality, friendliness, added value, superior service among others and such are what can greatly differentiate between similar products and services. The value of these associations, their uniqueness and relevance are an indication of the power of the brand. The underlying brand promise is what many organizations are looking to further underscore and highlight in their increased branding efforts to retain existing customers and attract more customers. One key element of effective employer branding is internal branding. Internal branding is only effective when internal audiences are reached with the message of the organizations values, through effective communicational efforts and when top management also exemplifies the same. Employees cannot be expected to show what they do not know. The service sector particularly has woken up to the fundamental importance of engaging employee commitment in delivering customer satisfaction and loyalty. The service sector does not provide tangible products/output that customers can take away with them and experience on their own; their experience with an organizations brand is through interacting with the organizations staff. There has been a shift in the branding world as explained by Vargo and Lusch (2004) to a new orientation known as service branding which is more balanced in its outlook. It considers both brand identity (internal) and brand image (external); highlighting the importance of st aff in the service encounter. The banking sector is one area where service branding is very vital. Customers experience of the brand begins the moment they walk through the doors of the banking hall and in their dealing and experience with the banks employees. Thus, the way they are treated while in the banking halls, response to their queries, promises made and fulfillment of the same all contribute to their perception of the brand and indeed affect their loyalty to the brand. Hence, there is a need to have employees that fully understand the brand in order to deliver more superior and unique brand experience to the customers in line with the organizations mission and vision. Overview of the Banking Industry in Kenya The banking industry in Kenya is governed by the Companies Act, the Banking Act, the Central Bank of Kenya Act and the various prudential guidelines issued by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). The banking sector was liberalized in 1995 and exchange controls lifted. The CBK, which falls under the Minister for Finance, is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy and fostering the liquidity, solvency and proper functioning of the financial system. As at December, 2012 there were forty six banking and non-banking institutions, fifteen micro finance institutions and one hundred and nine foreign exchange bureaus. The banks have come together under the Kenya Bankers Association (KBA), which serves as a lobby for the banking sectors interests (CBK, 2013). The KBA serves as a forum to address issues affecting members (KBA, 2012). Over the period between years 2006 to 2012, the banking sector in Kenya continued to grow in assets, deposits, profitability and products offering. The growth was mainly underpinned by; first; an industry wide branch network expansion strategy both in Kenya and in the East African community region. Second; automation of a large number of services and a move towards emphasis on the complex customer needs rather than traditional off-the shelf banking products (KBA, 2012). Players in this sector experienced increased competition over the period between years 2006 to 2012 resulting from increased innovations among the players and new entrants into the market. Key players in the early stages of the operation of the Industry were; Kenya Commercial Bank(k) Ltd. (KCB), Barclays Bank of (K) Ltd., (BBK), Standard Chartered Bank (K) Ltd.(SCB), National Industrial Credit Bank (NIC), National Bank of Kenya (K) Ltd. (NBK) a nd Co-operative Bank of Kenya (Co-op bank) ( KBA, 2012). Background on Standard Chartered Bank Ltd Standard Chartered Bank Kenya Limited was established in 1911 with the first branch opened in Mombasa Treasury Square. More than 100 years later, Standard Chartered Bank is one of the leading Banks in Kenya, with an excellent franchise. It has a total of 33 branches spread across the country, 90 automated teller machines (ATMs) and 1,698 employees. Standard Chartered Bank Kenya Limited has local shareholding of about 26%, comprising about 32,000 shareholders and it is a public quoted company on the Nairobi Securities Exchange since 1989. The bank offers a variety of local and foreign currency accounts, both deposit and loan, to its customers. It has a diversified portfolio cutting across select sectors that include business services, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, transport and communication, real estate, agriculture, energy and water. Further underpinning its importance, Standard Chartered Bank Kenya Limited hosts the regional Shared Service Centre supporting the banks t echnology operations in Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Botswana and South Africa on a real time basis (Accessed from www. standardchartered.com/en/about-us). Statement of the Problem Despite its importance, few organisations devote enough time and resources to ensure that effective communication systems and processes are in place (Ferreira, 2006). Sanchez (1999) reported in the study conducted by Watson Wyatt Worldwide in cooperation with IABC Research Foundation that only 40 percent of 913 organisations which participated in the study, mainly from the manufacturing industry had formal communication strategies. Knowledge is important, not only between organisations, but also within the organisation. About 90 percent of the knowledge in any organization is embedded and synthesized in peoples heads (Smith, 2001). The transfer of knowledge is thus important in ensuring that organisational members learn from one another and also create new knowledge. Communication performance within organisations has been considered an understudied area and therefore poorly understood (Pandey Garnett, 2006) yet it is deemed a central component of effective business operations (Hargi e, Dickson, Tourish, 2004, p.5). Hargie et al., (2004) state that a lack of effective communication can contribute to a range of problems including at one end of the continuum, job dissatisfaction and stress, through to damaging strikes, operating losses, bankruptcies, production line injuries, shipwrecks, plane crashes and, at the other extreme, mass slaughter in the field of battle (p.5). Asif and Sargeant (2000) undertook a study of two major United Kingdom clearing banks to explore a range of internal communication issues. Literature specifically referring to the banking industry and internal communication is scarce; however, studies have been undertaken within the last few years that suggest there is growing recognition of the importance of internal communication within this sector (Moorcroft, 2006; Wadman, 2006; Sablosky, 2005; Lennon, 2003; Asif Sargeant, 2000). According to Bierly, Kessler Christensen (2000, p.596) success does not necessarily go to the firms that know the most, but to the firms that can make the best use of what they know. Hence, for knowledge to give competitive advantage, it must be effectively transferred within the organisation (Murray Peyrefitte, 2007; Watson Hewett, 2006). Communication plays a vital role in the knowledge transfer process within the organisation (Du Plessis Boshoff, 2008). One way of managing the knowledge-transfer process is to select appropriate communication media for the property or type of knowledge to be transferred (Murray Peyrefitte, 2007). Information about the employees preferred communication methods and technologies is important in ensuring positive and effective communication (Du Plessis Boshoff, 2008; Ferreira, 2006). Research suggests that intranets should be considered a mosaic of top-down and bottom-up communication with distributed ownership (Dasgupta, 2001). A study carried out by Papasolomou and Vrontis (2006a) on the UK retail bank industry concluded that the problems linked to the branding of intangible offerings can be overcome through an emphasis on the effective implementation of Internal Marketing (IM). The study found out that since employees play a valuable role in the delivery and strengthening of corporate service brands UK retail banks have placed greater emphasis on IM in order to deliver the brands promise. A blanket approach throughout the organisation, regarding regulations on intranet usage, may not be appropriate as different business units will have different requirements. Rather a collaborative and facilitative managerial style would acknowledge diversity and individual contributions (Dasgupta, 2001), thereby allowing individual units and teams to control their own information. Studies show that the versatility and multifaceted nature of intranets has seen an increase in research that is largely multidisciplinary (Lehmuskallio, 2006); however, research into the measurement of intranet effectiveness and perceptions of the employees towards the medium is still in its infancy and is seen as a fundamental shortcoming (Jacoby Luqi, 2007). This study will therefore focus on establishing the effectiveness of intranets to communicate brand message to its internal publics within SCB limited. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study therefore is to establish the effectiveness of intranets to communicate the brand message to its internal publics within SCB limited in an effort to find out if banks are taking the time, effort and resources to sell the brand to their internal audiences and what strategies have been employed to achieve this. Objectives of the Study This study will be guided by the following objectives: To establish whether SCB Kenya limited has adopted internal communication strategies within its organization to communicate the brand message. To find out the effectiveness of intranets in communicating the brand message among internal publics within SCB Kenya limited. To find out how employees in SCB Kenya limited integrate the organizations brand values through internal communication. Research Questions This study will undertake to answer the following questions How has SCB Kenya limited adopted internal communication strategies within its organization to communicate the brand message? What is the effectiveness of intranets in communicating the brand message among internal publics within SCB Kenya limited? How do employees in SCB Kenya limited integrate the organizations brand values through internal communication? Justification of the Study Despite its importance to corporate communications, rigorous corporate communication research about the use intranets in developing nations is limited. Effective internal communication methods and media for knowledge transfer in the service industry are important for organizations to excel. Internal communication processes are therefore used to maintain good relationships, describe tasks, give instructions and communicate the goals and philosophy of the organisation. Effective internal communication is a major contributor to the success of change initiatives in organisations. In particular, at the individual level, appropriate internal communication helps employees to understand both the need for change, and the personal effects of the proposed change. This study will act as a benchmark to influence banks to adopt excellent internal communication strategies in order to better position their employees to deliver a more superior brand experience to the customers of the bank. Significance of the Study This study will add more knowledge in terms of academic contribution and knowledge which is limited in the area of internal communication within the Kenyan banking sector. This study will act as a platform through which the policy-makers within the banking sector can formulate policies to better enhance effective internal communication. The study will be able to provide recommendations and guidance on the effective internal communication strategies that can be put in place within the banking sector. Scope of the Study This study will be an overview of the internal banking environment in the Kenyan banking sector and will seek to undertake a case study of SCB Kenya limited. The subjects of the study will be the Public relations (PR)/marketing managers/Branch managers of the 20 branches in Nairobi and the customer service managers. Assumptions of the Study The assumptions that underlie this study are that: The selected institution for the study will have some form of internal communication strategy in place used to inculcate brand knowledge among their employees. The data required for this study will be available and that the researcher will receive maximum cooperation from the expected respondents to allow for a smooth, successful and timely completion of the study. Limitations of the Study Unexpected negative response from respondents due to the fact that they might be unwilling to give out sensitive personal information. This will be mitigated through counter-checking on organizational information manuals as well as service charters. Lack of local scholarly literature on the topic as relates to banks and internal branding means that the some of the methods, concepts and models used in this study are foreign and will be adopted to suit the local experience. Definition of Terms Brand Stern (2006, p.217) argues that the word brand can be classified as both an entity and a process, depending on whether it is used as a noun or as a verb. When expressed as a noun, it is connected to a person, place, or thing; as a verb, it refers to the process of making a product meaningful (i.e., the naming or positioning of a product). Dual-function brand concepts such as brand identity and brand reputation (both used as nouns) show the flexibility of this concept. The words branding and branded, on the other hand, are used as verbs to indicate how a brands meaning changes over time. Stern further comments that in the physical world, a brand is a name or mark associated to a product while it in the minds of people refers to a mental representation or perception of a psychological meaning. This study will adopt this definition in consideration to the fact that this holistic definition reflects the fact that the brand is expressed in numerous ways, not only through marketing. Brand commitment: Burmann and Zeplin (2005, p.284) define employee brand commitment as the extent of psychological attachment of employees to the brand, which influences their willingness to exert extra effort towards reaching the brand goals. It is the degree to which employees identify and are involved with their service brand, are willing to exert additional efforts (extra touch) to achieve the goals of the brand and are interested in remaining with the organisation. Corporate communication: Steyn and Puth (2000, p.5) define corporate communication as managed communication on behalf of the organisation, aiming to increase organisational effectiveness by creating and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. Internal branding: According Drake, Gulman, and Roberts (2005) and Thomson, de Chernatony, Arganbright and Khan (1999), internal branding is the practice of selling and promoting the brand to the internal audiences of an organisation, i.e. its employees in order to be instrumental in influencing employees attitudes and shaping their behaviours to be aligned with a brand, by creating employees understanding of brand values and engaging them in living brand-reality. Internal customers: This is the concept of customer-service provider relationships inside the organisation; employees providing a service to other employees or departments in the organisation as opposed to providing a service to clients external to the organisation. Services should be provided to fellow employees and departments with the same commitment to customer satisfaction as for external clients (Gronroos, 2000, p.307; Landman, 2005, p.7). Internal communication: Du Plessis and Boshoff (2008, p.3) defined internal communication as The communication between people working together to achieve individual or collective organisational goals. Internal communication, also referred to as organisational communication, is the process of communication between the people within the organisation (Scheffer Crystal, 2008). Intra-organisational communication: Intra-organisational communication is the channels and systems of communication within the organisation. It entails the continuous design of interaction between all members of an organisation forming an all-inclusive device that joins people and structures within that organisation. Intra-organisational communication forms part of internal communication. Internal communication includes many configurations and disciplines of communication, for example interpersonal communication, intrapersonal communication, intra-organisational communication and management communication (Van der Walt in Verwey; Du Plessis, Barker, 2006, p.264; Landman 2005, p.7). Service marketing: Gronrooss (2000, p.7) perspective on service marketing describes it as an organisation taking the view that an enhanced offering is required to support the customers value-generating processes and that the core solution of a physical product, service or combination of services and goods, is not sufficient to differentiate the offering from those of competitors. Landman (2005, p.8) defines service marketing as an approach to an organizations market that recognizes that the external customer becomes an active part of its processes, and that an organisation in its totality and in all its facets determines the quality of service delivered to the customer. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter presents the review of related literature. According to Chandran (2004), the aim of literature is to provide the researcher with knowledge and understanding of the conceptual and analytical framework in their field of study. This chapter examines, analyzes and adds to the knowledge advanced by various scholars in regard to the effectiveness of intranets to communicate the brand message to its internal publics within Standard Chartered Bank of Kenya. It highlights various works in relation to the study. It looks into current literature on theory and practice in relation to internal communication strategies adopted by banks to its internal publics. Internal Corporate Communication Internal communication within an organisation is dependent on a number of factors including the type of industry; the structure of the organisation; organisational culture and managerial style (Kitchen, 1997; Quirke, 2000). Holtz (2006) noted that, in the past, company communication, typically in the form of publications, consisted of the four Bs: birthdays, babies, brides and bowling scores. In marked contrast, today, the function of internal communication includes the transmission of organisational goals, activities, new developments, achievements and personal contributions as well as strategic visionary messages (Welch Jackson, 2007). Welch and Jackson (2007) suggest the function of internal communications has four dimensions: (1) internal line management, (2) internal team peer communication, (3) internal project peer communication and (4) internal corporate communication (as illustrated in Table 2.1 on page 18). Table 2.1 Internal communication matrix Dimension Level Direction Participants Content Internal line management communication Line managers/ supervisors Predominantly two-way Line managers-employees Employees roles Personal impact e.g. appraisal discussions, team briefings Internal team peer communication Team colleagues Two way Employee-employee Team information, e.g. team task discussions Internal project peer communication Project group colleagues Two way Employee-employee Project information e.g. project issues Internal corporate communication Strategic managers/top management Predominantly one-way Strategic managers-all employees Organizational/corporate issues e.g. goals, objectives, new developments, activities and achievementsSource: (Welch Jackson, 2007, p.185) These four dimensions emphasize that the content of internal communication has moved from the four Bs into all areas of the organisation including strategic goals and personal development. In addition to the content, the four dimensions also highlight the two-way relationship between employees and managers at all levels of the organisation and the importance of internal communication to organisational success (Tourish, Wilson, 2002; Zetterquist Quirke, 2007) with effective internal communication leading to improved productivity, reduced absenteeism, increased levels of innovation, higher quality of services and products and reduced costs (Argenti, 2007). A 2002 study of internal communication in 100 leading blue-chip companies found that 38 percent of internal communication teams were governed by the human resources department (Quirke, 2003). Four years later a 2006 online survey of internal communications conducted by Melcrum, an internal communication research and training organisation, alternatively proposed that of the 1,149 respondents from different industries and locations, 44 percent state internal communication is the governance of the corporate communications department (Dewhurst, 2007). Kalla (2005) suggests that suggests that there are four domains of integrated internal communication; business, management, corporate and organisational. Business communication addresses the communication skills of all employees, management communication focuses on the development of the managers communication skills and capabilities, corporate communication focuses on the formal corporate communication function, and organisational communication addresses more philosophically and theoretically oriented issues Management Communication Business Communication Corporate Communication Internal Communication Organiz

Africans in Colonial Mexico Essay -- Research Papers Anthropology

Africans in Colonial Mexico The history of Africans in Mexico is an oft-neglected facet of the cultural complexities of that country. In 1519, Hernando Cortes brought 6 African slaves with him to Mexico; these individuals served the conquest as personal servants, carriers, and laborers.[1] In the years to come, slavery would become a critical component of the colonial economy with approximately 2,000 slaves arriving each year 1580-1650; it is estimated that a total of 200,000 Africans were brought to Mexico during the colonial period.[2] Given this large number of slaves, the lengthy period of their importation, and the inevitable mixing of races, which took place throughout the colony, the historical and cultural significance of bozales, criollos, mulattoes, and zambos is far-reaching. The colonial period provides an excellent starting place for an examination of the significance of these groups not only because the institution of African slavery was introduced to New Spain at that time, but also because t he regular influx of native Africans combined with the close attention paid to color-based castas in official records allows historians to trace the influence of African culture more readily during that period. The early years of colonial Mexico were a time of great change, as the native Indian populations were decimated by disease and increasingly dominated by the Spanish social and economic structure. Under the encomienda system, the initial flood of Spanish immigrants were provided with a support structure in New Spain, as the Indians’ land and labor were put at their disposal in exchange for moral guidance.[3] As Spain sought to reap the benefits of its new colony, the need for dependable labor in Mexico’s agr... ...Andrew L. â€Å"Yellow Fever and the Late Colonial Public Health Response in the Port of Veracruz.† Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 4 (1997): 619-644. 6. Love, Edgar F. â€Å"Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in Colonial Mexico.† The Journal of Negro History 52, no. 2 (1967): 89-103. 7. MacLachlan, Colin M. and Jamie E. Rodriguez O. The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. 8. Meyer, Michael C., et al. The Course of Mexican History, 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 9. Palmer, Colin A. Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976. 10. Richmond, Douglas. â€Å"The Legacy of African Slavery in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1810.† Journal of Popular Culture 35, no. 2 (2001): 1-17. Africans in Colonial Mexico Essay -- Research Papers Anthropology Africans in Colonial Mexico The history of Africans in Mexico is an oft-neglected facet of the cultural complexities of that country. In 1519, Hernando Cortes brought 6 African slaves with him to Mexico; these individuals served the conquest as personal servants, carriers, and laborers.[1] In the years to come, slavery would become a critical component of the colonial economy with approximately 2,000 slaves arriving each year 1580-1650; it is estimated that a total of 200,000 Africans were brought to Mexico during the colonial period.[2] Given this large number of slaves, the lengthy period of their importation, and the inevitable mixing of races, which took place throughout the colony, the historical and cultural significance of bozales, criollos, mulattoes, and zambos is far-reaching. The colonial period provides an excellent starting place for an examination of the significance of these groups not only because the institution of African slavery was introduced to New Spain at that time, but also because t he regular influx of native Africans combined with the close attention paid to color-based castas in official records allows historians to trace the influence of African culture more readily during that period. The early years of colonial Mexico were a time of great change, as the native Indian populations were decimated by disease and increasingly dominated by the Spanish social and economic structure. Under the encomienda system, the initial flood of Spanish immigrants were provided with a support structure in New Spain, as the Indians’ land and labor were put at their disposal in exchange for moral guidance.[3] As Spain sought to reap the benefits of its new colony, the need for dependable labor in Mexico’s agr... ...Andrew L. â€Å"Yellow Fever and the Late Colonial Public Health Response in the Port of Veracruz.† Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 4 (1997): 619-644. 6. Love, Edgar F. â€Å"Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in Colonial Mexico.† The Journal of Negro History 52, no. 2 (1967): 89-103. 7. MacLachlan, Colin M. and Jamie E. Rodriguez O. The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. 8. Meyer, Michael C., et al. The Course of Mexican History, 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 9. Palmer, Colin A. Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976. 10. Richmond, Douglas. â€Å"The Legacy of African Slavery in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1810.† Journal of Popular Culture 35, no. 2 (2001): 1-17.

Learning Team Presentation Data Collection Essay

This pack of QNT 351 Week 2 Learning Team Paper – Data Collection shows the solutions to the following problems: Use either the data one of your Learning Team members retained from RES/351 or the data from University of Phoenix Material: Ballard Integrated Managed Services, Inc., Part 1. Discuss with your team whether you have data from RES/351, and if your team would like to use one team member Deadline: ( ), Business – General Business I need tutorials from week 1-5 with all assignments!!! Please help me Learn to budget. No matter where you get your money as a college student, you need to make sure your money lasts as long as you need it. Make a list of your expenses and think of how you can cut corners so that you can do what you need to do without going broke. This pack of QNT 351 Week 2 Learning Team Paper – Data Collection shows the solutions to the following problems: Use either the data one of your Learning Team members retained from RES/351 or the data from University of Phoenix Material: Ballard Integrated Managed Services, Inc., Part 1. Discuss with your team whether you have data from RES/351, and if your team would like to use one team member Deadline: ( ), Business – General Business I need tutorials from week 1-5 with all assignments!!! Please help me Learn to budget. No matter where you get your money as a college student, you need to make sure your money lasts as long as you need it. Make a list of your expenses and think of how you can cut corners so that you can do what you need to do without going broke. This pack of QNT 351 Week 2 Learning Team Paper – Data Collection shows the solutions to the following problems: Use either the data one of your Learning Team members retained from RES/351 or the data from University of Phoenix Material: Ballard Integrated Manage†¦ Complete course guide available here – https://bitly.com/1xptjLj Learn how to write an essay using the â€Å"5 Paragraph Essay† format. This is a simple essay format that is often taught in elementary or middle school. Although it is simple to learn, it is invaluable in college. This format will help you easily get through most essay assignments. Deadline: ( ), Business – General Business

Outline and Evaluate Research Into Types of Attachment Essay

Outline and evaluate research into types of attachment. Ainsworth conducted a study to observe types of attachment behaviours with occur between a mother and a child. She used observation to witness these behaviours. By placing the child in a set up play room with one way glass allowed natural behaviour to be observed without interference from the psychologist. Ainsworth used several situations including a mother a child and a stranger. Firstly the mother and the child entered the room, the child was free to explore whilst the mother sat on a chair and read a magazine, a stranger enters and sits next to the mother, they engage in conversation. The mother leaves, and the child is left alone with the stranger who shall comfort and play with the child. The mother then re-enters, and the stranger leaves. The mother then also leaves, and the child is left alone. The stranger re-enters and the mother re-enter shortly after, and then the stranger leaves again. A problem with the study is it lacks ecological validity; the child may have reacted differently in settings they were familiar with, an example being their own home. The child could already be anxious due to strange surroundings and unusual behaviour by the mother, therefore leading to higher chances of stranger anxiety and other stressful behaviour. Ainsworth in her study found three types of behaviour, these were Type A – Insecure avoidant, Type B – secure and Type C – Insecure resistant. Type A showed the child being upset when mother left the room, but did not seek comfort when she returned and showed little stranger anxiety. Whereas in Type B the child used the mother as a safe base and was free to explore when she was around, showed distress when she left but still seeked comfort when she returned and showed stranger anxiety. Differently in Type C, the child’s behaviour alternated between wanting comfort and wanting space, and appeared to be angry. The psychologist did not follow all the ethical guidelines in this experiment, the child was put under great stress with the mother leaving and returning, and also in the presence of a stranger, upset the child and made it upset. The psychologist must control this by lowering the stressful situations for the child and finding alternatives. Although they did get full consent as mother of the child took part within the study, which made the situation less stressful and made the child more comfortable. Ainsworth study also lacks the explanation of relationships between fathers and siblings, the child may act differently with different people and this lacks validity as it is not a measure of general attachment.

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buy custom Business Integration essay Introduction Due to the increase in competition within companies, managers and commercial analysts are adopting different strategies to curb commercial rivalry and outshine their competitors. Among these methods, Business Process Integration (BPI) has gained prominence as it has proved to be not only practicable, but also easier and faster to implement. BPI basically refers to the process of synchronizing the entire companys internal operations together with those of its other divisions as well as its other trading partners by joining up incongruent systems in real-time. Due to the constant advances in technology, change in management is inevitable and it is at this particular point that Business Process Integration comes in handy. Business analysts and managers who aspire to be success in future must therefore seek and adopt strategies such as BPI which are executable. SAP plays a big role in aiding different companies to achieve their aspired goals and hence succeed in their endeavors. SAP is a German software company that is a renowned dealer in enterprise software that is used to run business operations and at the same time reinforces the customer relations. This document discus in detail how SAP helps businesses to flourish in a threefold manner: firstly, it makes a general overview of the company; it secondly surveys the distribution, adoption and implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) by SAP and finally it considers the critical issues that surround implementation of an ERP system. Piece 1: A Brief Overview of SAP As earlier mentioned, SAP is software company in Germany that is interested with the management of business operations as well as customer operations. Its headquarters are in Walldorf, Baben-Wurttemberg and other minor offices around the globe. SAP is leading the market in enterprise application software. The company was founded in June 1972 as System and Analysis Program Development by some former IBM engineers. It is the largest software company in the world and ranked third highest sole software provider (SAP 2012). SAP operates in mainly four geographical regions: America which include the United States and Canada; APJ which includes Asia, Pacific and Japan; LAC which includes Latin America and Caribbean and EMEA which is composed of Europe, Middle East and Africa.APJ represents the great nations like Japan, Australia, Korea, India, New Zealand, Greater China and other Southeast Asian nations. Additionally, SAP operates in other 115 subsidiaries and has research and development facilities in the United States, India, Germany, Canada, Brazil, France, China, Turkey, Hungary, Bulgaria, Israel and Ireland (SAP 2012). Other than wasting energy while working on many fields, SAP mainly focuses on six different industrial sectors. These include discrete industries, process industries, consumer industries, financial services, public service and service industries. Despite limiting itself to six major industry sectors, SAP offers not less than twenty five industry solution assortments for the large institutions. In addition it offers more than 550 micro-vertical resolutions for the average sizes and other small premises. In such kind of an operation, SAP is able to deliver its products and services to all its potential customers, something that heightens its prominence and efficiency (Woods, Roland, Broady 2008). Delivery of quality products and services is undoubtedly one of the major reasons that SAP has managed to capture and sustain the loyalty of many customers which in turn has enabled it outshine its competitors. This follows the obvious notion that customers will always run for the best products and services with the most affordable prices (SearchSAP 2012). SAP Community Network This is the collection of the SAP partners, customers, employees and the influencers who collective share knowledge on JAVA, NET, SOA, ABAP, and other technologies (SAP 2012). This community mingles in roles such as consultation, business analysis and integration. Other topics that prompt interaction among this community include cloud computing, big data, practicable processes in businesses as well as plus analysts and dashboards. These and a range of other topics are tackled through blogs, exclusive downloads and code samples, discussion forums, technical library and training programs. The SAP community network is composed of not less than two million members who are representatives of a wide range of duties and businesses and territories all over the world, in 24 respective industries. This kind of a network is widely viewed as the most appropriate for a social networking in business (SAP 2012). Organization SAP strategically organizes its functional units across various for research and development needs, customer support, and field activities. Labs are primarily for the development of products whereas field institutions set in various nations across the globe are for field activities such as consulting, sales and marketing among many others. The head office located at the headquarters is responsible for the overall management of all the other institutions. Additionally, it is also expected to monitor all the engineering activities connected to company development. The companys customers support which is also known as the Active Global Support (AGS) supports SAP customers worldwide. SAP Products and Services SAP offers a wide range of products and services. There are many products offered by this company but its products mainly focus on Enterprise Resource Management (ERP). As such, SAPs major product is SAP ERP whose current version is SAP ERP 6.0. Other main products by this company include Government, Risk and Compliance (GRC) solutions; performance management solutions, RFID and Duet which is offered in conjunction with Microsoft. In addition, SAP offers service-oriented architecture capabilities (SOA) in form of web services connected to its applications. Despite its products initially being designed for the Fortune 500 companies, SAP is currently targeting the small businesses as well as the medium sized enterprises (Word Woods 2011). SAP Cloud solutions is yet another product that enable businesses to run better. This means that the businesses will be much secure as well as get more cost effective. SAP NetWeather Portalplays a significant role in the companys user communication approach to heighten peoples productivity via inventive solutions. SAP Solutions for Public Sector empower the authorities to optimize the scarce resources in public administration while rendering responsive services. SAP Business Objects Analytic applications is another product by SAP. It confronts professionals across disciplines to deliver both context and insight that crucial for success today (SearchSAP 2012). SAP also provides Enterprise Information Management (EIM) solutions which manage structured and unstructured data as well as events that are used in data warehouses, Business Intelligence, analytics and Operations applications. Finally, SAP offers Customer Relationship Management which helps businesses to not only helps business es address short term essentials but also minimize cost and heighten the decision making levels (Shields 2001). Benefits Derived From Large Enterprise and Small/Medium Sized Businesses It is indubitable that SAP has transformed many business premises through the supply of its products. This follows the notion that in the todays fast growing business competition, managers are under more pressure to act faster and make more achievements, normally with fewer resources. It is for this particular reason that SAP products are designed to assist combat with these challenges through comprehensive functionality (Norris, Dunleavy, Ballis 2000). From its end, SAP has benefited from the businesses it transacts with through various ways. To start with, large enterprises provide the largest market for the companys products. Such are also sources of raw materials some of which are required by SAP to manufacture their products. Among other enterprises, IBM is the leading business enterprise that has been in the forefront to provide some of its technologies to the corporation. The other set of institutions that benefit the company include the Small and medium-sized institutions (SMEs). These are companies whose turnovers fall below various limits. Despite this fact, SMEs are the most common type of companies in numerous economies and hence worth some attention by the already flourished corporations. The sole reason as to why SAP enters into business with such companies is because they often drive to innovation and competition in many sectors. Piece 2: The impact of Internet Technology on the Delivery of ERP systems Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a software product by SAP. It is a business management software that enable companies to apply a system of incorporated applications to manage the business. Due to its uniqueness, it fuses all the facets of a process including manufacturing, development, sales and marketing. As such, ERP software consists of several enterprise software modules that a given company would purchase in align with their specific requirements and technical capacities. Each module concentrates with one area of the business such as marketing or product development. Since time in memorial, Information technology have had some impacts and actually transformed many sectors of businesses enterprises. This effect has also been felt in the delivery of ERP systems. As earlier mentioned, ERP is a business management software. Bearing this in mind, it is obvious that its delivery will be much influenced by the growth information and communication technologies which are consequently driven improvements of computer hardware, microelectronics and software systems (Rashid, Hossain, Patrick 2012). The development of the internet has had a significant impact on all the aspects of information technology sector including the ERP systems getting more internet-enabled. This system of accessing system resources from anywhere has enabled ERP vendors to expand their legacy ERP systems to include newer exterior business components such as Sales Force Automation (SFA), supply chain management, advanced planning and scheduling (APS), customer relations management, e-business capacities and business intelligence. Indeed, ERP is becoming the e-business stamina for companies doing the transactions online over the internet. Internet-oriented institutions are designed to improve customer satisfaction, extend distribution channels, boost sales and marketing opportunities, and provide more efficient payment and billing methods. This consequently facilitates effective tri-party interactions between the customers, suppliers and the company itself. Successful management of the supply chain permits a business to deliver the appropriate products to the buyers. This enables the company to anticipate demand and distribute the right products at the right time and place as well as at the lowest cost possible to satisfy the wants of its esteemed customers. Adoption of the e-commerce is a channel of future extension of the long-established ERP systems of many small, average and large vendors. This will in turn facilitate interactions between the suppliers, customers and organizations to take place instantly in less time and cost effectively. Due to the adoption of various information communications technological by SAP and integrating it with ERP systems, avenues such as cloud computing, the tri-party interactions have become cheaper, fast and efficient. Cloud computing refers to the technological use of central remote servers and the internet to preserve data and applications. This service permits businesses and consumers to use applications without any installation and access their files at any computer that can access the internet (Cleveland Khannan 2012). Software as a service (SaaS) is yet another software distribution form in which the service provider or the vendor hosts applications and later avails them to the customers through a network which is normally the internet. ERP systems have adopted SaaS due to the advantages that are associated with it. To start with, the SaaS model facilitates easier teamwork and administration, compatibility where all the users have the same software version, and automated updates as well as patch management. In addition, this model facilitates global accessibility which is undoubtedly the major feature that customers search for (Search Cloud Computing 2012). Finally, Active Server Pages abbreviated as ASP was the very first Microsofts server-side script engine that was used to dynamically generate web pages. It was a special tool that was used as an add-on to offer internet infoormation services. From the above account, it can be inferred that both SaaS and ASP were designed to facilitate cloud com puting. Piece 3: Examples of businesses that sell on-line to retail customers There are many companies that sell their products online but this document will mainly consider Swreg and Nissan. Swereg Inc is a company in the United States that that is inclined to payment processing and particularly serving service and software publishers. The companys products provide shareware and software authors both of which are methods that are used in selling products online. Swreg offers a number of alternatives in which payment can be made, flexibility, customization and distribution into the global markets. Their online payment strategy allows its clients to use Eurocards, VISA, Mastercards, JCB, Solo, Delta, American Express, Diners club, Discover, International Money Orders, Paypal, Bank wires and Personal Check. The other company that has adopted online marketing for the selling of its products is Nissan. This is an automotive company that sells cars and its other products to customers online. It connects the clients with their retailers who are in different parts of the world. The activities they carry out online include advertising their products, communicating with the clients and showing their products to the clients. Payment is also done online. Dell is yet another company that has been so successful in online marketing. It is a global company in America that deals with computer technology. It does not only develop, but it also develops and supports computers and other products that are related to the computers. The success of this company is attributed to online marketing. Piece 4: Issues that surround implementation of an ERP system Despite the major benefits of implementing ERP systems, there are great changes that are brought about after the implementation of the system and they need to be effectively catered for in order to reap the potential benefits of the system. Though the issues may sound minor, they are so critical that if no attention is taken, they can seriously maim the business. Firstly, the system demands top management commitment. The implementation process is not just a matter of replacing the software systems, instead it involves repositioning and changing the business practices. Following the huge impacts on the competitive advantage of the business, the management has to consider the potential implications of implementing the system. The management must therefore ask itself several questions and adequately plan for the ERP system implementation not to hurt the business. The second issue is reengineering. Implementation of the ERP system involves absolute renovation of the existing company processes. All the business processes must be in align with the ERP model which can increase the benefits as well as the costs of the ERP model. This is normally practicable if the business wishes to roll out the system around the globe. Despite this fact, it is not always so easy to convince everyone to accept the model. At times, business processes are quite unique that they have to be preserved and the appropriate steps to be taken which will customize those steps. It is important to note that whenever a company customizes the software in order to fit its needs, the cost of implementation is likely to rise. As such, companies should try maintain their systems as possible, if they are not completely replacing them, in order to evade future upgrade and maintenance expenses as well as reduce customization cost. Integration is the third issue. Many organizations have the feeling that adopting a single vendor means having a common view which will be necessary for serving customers and system maintenance in future. It is however very difficult to operate with a single system and hence other software have to be bolted with the ERP software. This is where the problem arises as some software is not compatible with the ERP software (Auerbach Publications Inc 2012). Finally, it is so challenging to train and update the employees on ERP. This has one of the major hidden costs of working with the system. If no proper training is done, approximately 30 to 40 percent of the leading employees will not be in a position to handle the demands of the system. Though it is possible to train the workers within a short period of time, it is extremely difficult to constantly transfer knowledge to them especially if the workers have inadequate computer skills or are computer phobic. Piece 5: My ERPSim experience During my groups participation in the ERPSim game, I gained some experience which will undoubtedly have a great impact in my future endeavors. To start with, the aim of the game was to enhance profitable distribution of water in Germany. Since the aim was to cut the cost for providing water and hence maximize the profits, the group adopted a strategy that would reduce the cost of supplying clean piped water to homes. The strategy started by creating an online shopping of all the plumbing materials that would be required. This encompassed visiting websites of the renowned plumbing corporations and buying their products online. After carrying out the entire transaction, delivery of the materials would be done by the company or the group would be directed to a nearby retailer who would supply the goods. This strategy aided in saving time, energy and resources. The reasons as to why the strategy was a success is because it saved money that would have otherwise been used in search of plumbing materials, hiring of professionals would be online and there was of course reduction of cost of the materials as compared to when middle men would be involved. Conclusion As observed above, increase in competition within organizations has prompted top managers and commercial analysts to adopt different strategic management techniques that will enable them succeed in future and outshine their competitors. Due to the inevitable impacts posed by the growth and development of information technologies, many enterprises are adopting advanced technologies to boost their sales and marketing. SAP is undoubtedly the worlds leading software company which has transformed many businesses through its products and mainly the ERP systems. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this system all of which have been discussed above. 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Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress By Marvell

Marvell's Use of Sound in "To His Coy Mistress" At first glance, Andrew Marvel's poem "To His Coy Mistress" is a fairly typical carpe diem poem, in which the speaker tells his beloved that they should "seize the day" and have sex now instead of waiting until they are married. Today, the speaker's speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress (the speaker doesn't explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant, for example). Still, if we look beyond the limited perspective of the speaker himself, we can see that Marvell is making a statement about how all of us (regardless of gender or involvement in relationships) should savor the pleasures of the moment. For the poet, there are two kinds of attitude toward the present: (1) activities in the present are judged by their impact on the future, and (2) there is no future stateall activities occur in the present and can only be enjoyed or evaluated by their impact at that moment. The mistress would like to postpone sex (theoretically until she and the speaker are married). The speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. Each viewpoint has its reasons, and certainly the woman in the poem would stand to lose practically from premarital sex. Marvell, however, isn't suggesting that unbridled lust is preferable to moral or ethical restraint; sex is the subject matter, not the theme of the poem. Marvell's actual point here is that instead of dividing our lives or our values into mathematically neat but artificial categories of present and future, we should savor the unique experiences of each present moment; to convey this theme, the poet uses irregularities of rhyme, rhythm, and meter to undermine the mathematically neat but artificial patterns of the poem. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use slant or irregular rhyme, not sim... Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress By Marvell Free Essays on To His Coy Mistress By Marvell Marvell's Use of Sound in "To His Coy Mistress" At first glance, Andrew Marvel's poem "To His Coy Mistress" is a fairly typical carpe diem poem, in which the speaker tells his beloved that they should "seize the day" and have sex now instead of waiting until they are married. Today, the speaker's speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress (the speaker doesn't explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant, for example). Still, if we look beyond the limited perspective of the speaker himself, we can see that Marvell is making a statement about how all of us (regardless of gender or involvement in relationships) should savor the pleasures of the moment. For the poet, there are two kinds of attitude toward the present: (1) activities in the present are judged by their impact on the future, and (2) there is no future stateall activities occur in the present and can only be enjoyed or evaluated by their impact at that moment. The mistress would like to postpone sex (theoretically until she and the speaker are married). The speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. Each viewpoint has its reasons, and certainly the woman in the poem would stand to lose practically from premarital sex. Marvell, however, isn't suggesting that unbridled lust is preferable to moral or ethical restraint; sex is the subject matter, not the theme of the poem. Marvell's actual point here is that instead of dividing our lives or our values into mathematically neat but artificial categories of present and future, we should savor the unique experiences of each present moment; to convey this theme, the poet uses irregularities of rhyme, rhythm, and meter to undermine the mathematically neat but artificial patterns of the poem. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use slant or irregular rhyme, not sim...

A View of Prejudice as Described in Lorraine Hansberry’s Play, A Raisin In The Sun

A View of Prejudice as Described in Lorraine Hansberry’s Play, A Raisin In The Sun A Raisin in the Sun A raisin in the sun is a play about an African American family that is going to receive an inheritance because of a death in the family. In this play their is sexism, racism, and many other cultural differences that we might not have been able to see if we were not in the minority until this play. The African American family in this play is the Younger family there are five youngers living in one small apartment. I think the most important family member is Mama, she is the glue to the whole family and keeps everyone in line. Then theres Walter lee Younger which is mamas son he works as a chauffeur and thinks he is head of the household. Walters wifes name is Ruth she usually minds her own business more than the rest of the family. Mamas daughters name is Beneatha younger she is an aspiring doctor and she knows she can do it even with her being an African American woman. Then theres the youngest which you do not really hear a lot about he is walter and ruths son his name is travis all he wants to do is have a real house. A Raisin in the Sun is a play about the Younger family and it is based in the 1950s while racism and sexism were still taken very serious by many. The Youngers are about to receive an insurance check for ten-thousand dollars which was a lot back in the 1950s. they are receiving this check because Mr. Younger mamas husband died and left them money to take care of themselves because he worked until the day he died. Everyone in the younger family want something different out of the inheritance money. Mama wants to buy a house where her family will not have to struggle anymore. Mamas son walter wants to buy a liquor store with his friends so he can give the family everything they need. Beneatha who wants to become a doctor wants the money to go towards her schooling so she can help people and prove everyone wrong. Ruth and Travis do not really want anything specific but, everyone to be happy. Ruth finds out that she is pregnant with walters second child which they dont have any room for and beenie says â€Å"where is he going to sleep the roof† and ruth gets sad and almost passes out. this shows that they are all under a lot of stress and ruth feels guilty for having another baby. While mama and beenie know about the baby walter doesnt find out until later when beenies friend from africa comes over and they go in the room. Beneatha has a friend from africa bring her things from his homeland so she feels like she is finding her true self which is saying that she doesnt know who she really is and she is supposed to be the one with the strong mind on her shoulders. When the inheritance arrives walter is has a nervous breakdown and leaves the house for a week or so and mama goes looking for him. mama doesnt like seeing her son sad so she eventually ends up giving walter half the money saying to put two thousand in a bank account for bennie his younger sisters schooling and to keep the rest for himself. the money that mama gave walter never gets put into a bank account and ends up getting stolen by his friend Willy Harris.Walter never gets to accomplish his dream of having a liquor store. Meanwhile when walter was losing over half of the inheritance money mama is buying a house that will fit their needs, is in a good neighborhood, and is in her budget. The house that she picks isnt in an African American neighborhood and so she gets a visit from the welcoming committee. A man named Mr. Karl Linder is the welcoming committee and at first the Youngers think he is a nice man and that he wants to help but, then they find out that he only wants to pay them off to not live in the white neighborhood. the white man says that he doesnt want to ruin the block with how much the people who live their work for what they have by â€Å"certain kind of people moving in†. This causes the Youngers to become closer and move in to the new house. Throughout the play their are times that i wondered why would or rather how could people be so set on ruining other peoples lives. I grew up with many different raced people around me throughout my life so i will never fully understand the thought process of racist people. The Youngers seem to be portrayed as hard working people and they want whats best for their family it doesnt make a difference what color they are i would of still watched it the same with no judgement. Racism in the housing industry has been peppered with racism even up into modern times. The racism that is in the housing industry today are not only Towards African Americans its hispanics, whites, and any race. White people can be put out of their house by hispanics that are in gangs and even by other white people throughout the united states. But, most of the racism is pointed toward hispanics and how everyone thinks if you are colored you need to be a gang member of if you dress a certain way you are a gang member. We see it everyday on the news how police officers are even racist and arrest people for no reason. No one knows it happens in the communities also. I have seen people get shot of badly hurt by people that are supposedly protecting their community, Everyone is a victim of some kind of racism in their life even when we are younger. I do not think that people should not feel safe in their own home because of neighborhood racism. In the CBS news Ilyce Glink says Although weve come a long way from blatant, in-your-face housing injustice, racial discrimination still exists, said HUD Secretary Shaun Donovan. Just because its become less obvious doesnt mean that its less harmful. This statement is completely true many people die because of community racism. Racism in A Raisin in the Sun is almost sickening to most people and i hope that more people see this play to help spread the word about how African American people were treated in the 1950s. Racism is still alive today through communities that want one color out of their neighborhood which is not right either. I hope people eventually learn how not to be racist.

Business Writing week one discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Writing week one discussion - Assignment Example Listening with an open mind isnt always easy, but its the only way to make sure you really hear what people are telling you† (Bovee 38). Rather than approaching the communication situation with an open mind, they brought in preconceived notions. The conversation advanced with them continuing to advance the narrative that they had devised in their minds. The text indicates that communication prominently involves listening, as it is impossible to properly disseminate information without having a back and forth discussion. Ultimately, the communication event would have been more successful if my supervisor had been a more active listener and constructed her knowledge based on the conversation. My name is Birgit. I have a large number of hobbies. Undoubtedly, one of my most frequent hobbies is personal fitness. Throughout high school, I participated in a number of team sports and sort of got in the habit of being physically active. Since graduating from high school, I’ve kept up my physical activity through running every day. I also occasionally play basketball and volleyball with friends. In addition to physical activity, I am an active reader. I recently purchased an iPad so I would have to stop buying so many print books; so far I’ve read the Hunger Games trilogy and the latest Harry Potter novel. I also regularly enjoy cooking, particularly pasta. My greatest communication challenge would definitely have to be public speaking. While in front of certain audiences I am able to be engaging, in most instances I find that I am incredibly shy and slightly anxious. Another communication challenge I face is verbal tests; similar to my fear of public speaking, these instances make me highly nervous. The most effective communicator I know is my uncle. Currently, he is the general manager of a hotel in Los Angeles, California. I have visited him and witnessed how he interacts

Discuss the Commonalities and Differences Between Communist Economy Essay

Discuss the Commonalities and Differences Between Communist Economy 1976 and Social Market Economy after 1976 in China - Essay Example Under this system government approved the private ownership of means of production. As means of production are handled by the government before 1976, there was always the intervention of government in whatever is done. But with the emergence of socialist market economy, the role of the government shrank into making laws. Under communist economy people were reluctant to work as they were deprived of owning property and the developments that the country received under such a system was too little. When people were allowed to have private property, the made the best use of the resources and this period witnessed the thriving of the Chinese economy. In the communist economy, it was the government that controlled the market mechanism but under social market economy the market forces such as supply and demand took the place of government. When the communist economy tried to bring everything under the control of the government without any consideration to its citizen, the social market econ omy envisages at the formation of a welfare state in which individuals are given priority in all the aspects. Communist economy was upheld only by a simple majority of China, but social market economy has been welcomed by all category of the society. 3. How did China become an industrialised economy with in the last four decades? An economy becomes industrialised only when an agrarian society turns into industrial society with social change and economic development. The endeavour China made to reach its destination of a developed economy has been in its culmination for the last couple of decades. In all the areas, the performance of China was spectacular. The first and foremost factor that can be attributed to the success of China in this arena is the rapid expansion of international trade. International trade was accelerated as a result of gradual and incremental trade reforms and opening up of the economy for international trade. As a result, the Foreign Direct Investment increase d. China being a vast country had resources in abundant. Moreover the labour also was cheaper as compared to other developing countries. The decision to use the resources properly helped the development of domestic industries. China’s factory outputs vary from cotton textiles to railway locomotives, jet planes and computers. As the largest economy in terms of population, there is greater demand for commodities in China. In one hand it is a good market for foreign companies and on the other a good supplier as well. The amount china spend in the area of education is huge. The well educated works being more productive contribute towards the industrialisation of the country. The amount China invests for research and development is really note worthy. Advanced technologies help it to produce commodities cost efficiently. Chinese products has got good demand world wide as these products are competent to the products of other industrialised countries. However, it is the decision of the government to open up the economy for foreign countries that helped the fast industrialization. 4. Write a critical note on China’s SOE reforms. The state owned enterprises in China were capable of producing a wide range of consumer goods domestically. The commodities so produced were capable of satisfying the local demands sufficiently. However it had more drawbacks than these advantages. The persons who were at the top of the party were the ones who controlled these enterprises. Since most of them were

Automation of Services at the County Offices Using the Mobile Essay

Automation of Services at the County Offices Using the Mobile Application Systems - Essay Example This paper illustrates that despite the substantive progress made in the automation of services at the County offices using today’s mobile application system technologies, little success has ideally been made in ensuring that effective delivery of service is achieved as required by the project proposal. After a successful completion of the research proposal and its submission, the author has since been working on addressing a number of aspects that have proved to be challenging in effectively applying the plan despite the fact that the development process is completed. The main intention of the proposal was to provide solutions to the current problems facing the county offices in terms of enhancing their service delivery prospects and mitigate the previous challenges of corruption and increased numbers of ghost workers. Ideally, upon completion and the final implementation, the proposal would make a significant impact in addressing the challenges in the County officers and in turn enhance service delivery to the citizens. However, much progress has not been made because of various factors. The process of developing the software is currently finalized; however, working out the trials has been the greatest challenge considering the fact that a majority of the County offices’ workers significantly benefit from the analog system of service delivery and, therefore, do not embrace the use of the technology. Going by the prospects that the proposal was meant to address issues of corruption and ghost workers availability, such prospects have not been achieved yet. A majority of firms that have already implemented similar services don’t accept interviews pertaining to the effectiveness of their systems majorly because of the confidentiality aspects associated with the implementation of the project.

Identity Development in Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Identity Development in Adolescents - Essay Example Inside our society, particularly with the teens, encloses a positive as well as negative authority from the groups that they belong. There are numerous difficulties that the young people have to confront. Some of the frequent problems are taking of prohibited drugs, disorder for eating, and argument with parents. As the globe starts to mature and a hurried incite of adolescents, the pace of hostility has increased massively. With the aid of the mass media, communal environments, famous personalities, as well as parental management, a more advanced approach to aggression has introduced most of our adolescence. With the support of non-profit groups, entertainment centers, together with camps, encouraging aspects can divert young minds out of the brutal mist. Teenagers nowadays get manipulated by ads inside magazines, ads on what they view on television, people's demands on them, and from their daily life. Drugs and Alcohol does not help anything in the world. When teens are having problems, some of them do drugs or even drink alcohol to get rid of their problems, but that won't do any good it just causes more problems. Utilization of prohibited drugs has become the principal concern within teenagers who goes to school or even to colleges. Initially, I believe that the teenagers begin to take-in prohibited drugs due to the fact that they do not have belief in themselves. They may not be able to stand up for their viewpoint and have an immense manipulation from their friends. Next, teenagers go to parties very often to enjoy, every now and then under parental control and at times without the parents. During the time that they are not with their parents, they may do whatever thing they desire. On the other hand, it is possible for teenagers to show self-control and overcome the temptation of drugs. A number of people, including many adults, describe marijuana as harmless or even relaxing. While peer pressure plays a part in children taking a puff of that first cigarette, curiosity can also influence that decision. Unfortunately for him the effects of the alcohol have taken over. The number of underage drinkers is rising day by day. Normally this teenager would stop and think about the consequences or the harm it could do to his body. I suppose that when people are drinking together with smoking pot, they're more inclined to be sexually active, even if they don't go all the way. But your standards do tend to drop when you're drinking. Big problems can take place to each and every youngster that continues to smoke and doesn't try to stop. Nicotine is a major ingredient of tobacco smoke, and is highly addictive. When teenagers stop, they feel better about themselves. There are just too much things in the world that teens can get their hands on. There are many problems in teenagers. After the party, they might think they are not under the influence of alcohol and then drive. That may cause car accidents and they may have a hard time with their studies at school and at college. They just want to have a taste of everything and like to have something in their mouth. Taking drugs, eating disorders, and problems with parents are just few problems from a bundle. They may not have all the

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study - Assignment Example e liable to pay capital gains tax on the sale value if the price at which he sells is higher than the market price of the shares on the date he inherited them. If the total gain is less than  £ 10,000, no tax is payable and of course, sale at a lower price also does not attract tax (HMRC, 2012). 3. Critical Illness Cover pays out a lump sum amount when a specified illness occurs, which for Kyle’s mother was a minor stroke. Once the claim amount is paid, the coverage ceases and she is not entitled to any other payments from the insurance company. A Permanent Health Insurance (PHI) policy would have paid her up to 65% of her pre-tax earnings until her normal date of retirement which is 65 years of age (Conner, 2013). When Kyle’s mother first considered insurance, the PHI policy would have been a better choice as it would have covered any medical condition that prevented her from working whereas the Critical Illness Policy would have covered only a specified list of ailments. Since a medical condition that prevents work could occur at any age, the PHI policy would have paid her money each year until her scheduled retirement age (Bevis, 2009). For Kyle’s mother, the question now is whether the  £ 68,000 lump sum she received from her Critical Illness policy at the age 59 is better than 65% of her earnings for 6 years that she would have received with the PHI policy. This question can be resolved by finding out the yearly payments a PHI policy would need to make for 6 years that would equal the present value of the lump sum she received. The interest rate is assumed as 5%. The calculation is made in the table below and shows that an annual payment of  £ 13,397.19 for 6 years from the PHI policy would have the present value that equals the lump sum of  £ 68,000. To get these annual payments, the mother’s annual salary when she had the stroke should have been  £ 20,611.06. 4. Kyle and Helen need to make a personal financial plan to meet both

Automation of Services at the County Offices Using the Mobile Essay

Automation of Services at the County Offices Using the Mobile Application Systems - Essay Example This paper illustrates that despite the substantive progress made in the automation of services at the County offices using today’s mobile application system technologies, little success has ideally been made in ensuring that effective delivery of service is achieved as required by the project proposal. After a successful completion of the research proposal and its submission, the author has since been working on addressing a number of aspects that have proved to be challenging in effectively applying the plan despite the fact that the development process is completed. The main intention of the proposal was to provide solutions to the current problems facing the county offices in terms of enhancing their service delivery prospects and mitigate the previous challenges of corruption and increased numbers of ghost workers. Ideally, upon completion and the final implementation, the proposal would make a significant impact in addressing the challenges in the County officers and in turn enhance service delivery to the citizens. However, much progress has not been made because of various factors. The process of developing the software is currently finalized; however, working out the trials has been the greatest challenge considering the fact that a majority of the County offices’ workers significantly benefit from the analog system of service delivery and, therefore, do not embrace the use of the technology. Going by the prospects that the proposal was meant to address issues of corruption and ghost workers availability, such prospects have not been achieved yet. A majority of firms that have already implemented similar services don’t accept interviews pertaining to the effectiveness of their systems majorly because of the confidentiality aspects associated with the implementation of the project.

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study - Assignment Example e liable to pay capital gains tax on the sale value if the price at which he sells is higher than the market price of the shares on the date he inherited them. If the total gain is less than  £ 10,000, no tax is payable and of course, sale at a lower price also does not attract tax (HMRC, 2012). 3. Critical Illness Cover pays out a lump sum amount when a specified illness occurs, which for Kyle’s mother was a minor stroke. Once the claim amount is paid, the coverage ceases and she is not entitled to any other payments from the insurance company. A Permanent Health Insurance (PHI) policy would have paid her up to 65% of her pre-tax earnings until her normal date of retirement which is 65 years of age (Conner, 2013). When Kyle’s mother first considered insurance, the PHI policy would have been a better choice as it would have covered any medical condition that prevented her from working whereas the Critical Illness Policy would have covered only a specified list of ailments. Since a medical condition that prevents work could occur at any age, the PHI policy would have paid her money each year until her scheduled retirement age (Bevis, 2009). For Kyle’s mother, the question now is whether the  £ 68,000 lump sum she received from her Critical Illness policy at the age 59 is better than 65% of her earnings for 6 years that she would have received with the PHI policy. This question can be resolved by finding out the yearly payments a PHI policy would need to make for 6 years that would equal the present value of the lump sum she received. The interest rate is assumed as 5%. The calculation is made in the table below and shows that an annual payment of  £ 13,397.19 for 6 years from the PHI policy would have the present value that equals the lump sum of  £ 68,000. To get these annual payments, the mother’s annual salary when she had the stroke should have been  £ 20,611.06. 4. Kyle and Helen need to make a personal financial plan to meet both

Week Four Reflection Essay Example for Free

Week Four Reflection Essay Team A will discuss the objective, which consist of analyzing the influence of the debt in the United States economy, and explain the impact that surplus and deficits has on the health of the United States macroeconomy. To analyze the influence of the deficit, surplus, and debt on the health of the United States macroeconomy you have to understand what exactly is deficit and surplus. A deficit is a shortfall of revenues are under payments, and a surplus is the excess of revenues are over payments. The influence of surplus and deficit on the economy differs in the short-term framework and the long-term framework. In a short-term framework the view of deficits and surplus certainly depends on the current state of the U.S. economy relative to the economy potential output. In a long-term framework surpluses are good they provide additional savings for the economy. In a long-term framework deficits are view as bad because they reduce growth, income, and savings, but if the U.S. economy is operating below the potential its deficits is view as good for the economy. This is because deficits increase expenditures increasing the economy output closer to its potential. To understand how debt influences the U.S. economy you have to understand what a debt is. A debt is the accumulated deficit minus the accumulated surplus, where you have surpluses and deficits which are flow concepts or measures that is defined for a certain period in the economy. As an American it is important to always to knowhow debt, surplus, and deficit affect the U.S. economy. This effects the economy from expenditure to every paycheck these transactions affects the flow of the marcoeconomy. This week chapter 17 and 18 covers the importance of surplus, deficit, and debt in depth. It also covers how to finance the deficit as well as viewing deficits and surpluses as a summary measure. Buy knowing what policy directive to follow gives the policy makers the tools to recommend on rather the economy will need a long-term framework approach or a short-term framework approach. In the U.S. economy current condition, if the United States keep spending more than our annually income you can bet that the worse is still to come. References (Macroeconomics 8e, ch17 Author: David C. Colander copyright  © 2010 McGraw-Hill)

The New Chinese Woodcut Movement, revolutionizing art as a voice

The New Chinese Woodcut Movement, revolutionizing art as a voice Learning from the west: The New Chinese Woodcut Movement, revolutionizing art as a voice of the people At the turn of the twentieth century, voices supporting modernization were on the rise. Politically, although the Xinhai Revolution replaced the Qing monarchy, there was still no real democratic rule established. People still didnt have a voice and they were by no means free or having an improvement in life. Externally, China was under constant threat and aggressiveness of Japanese imperialism and internally, Chinas political condition is extremely unstable as its under absolute rule by ruthless warlords who fight with each other all the time. As an attempt of self-salvation, Chinese intellectuals and artists started the New Cultural Movement and various art reforms. Lu Xun started the New Chinese Woodcut Movement and looked into western art forms as models and inspirations as an attempt to save their culturally-deteriorated country, revive their weakened tradition and send modernization messages to the masses. This essay will focus on the woodcut print, To The Front!by Hu Yichuan, w hich is a part of the New Chinese Woodcut Movement and is a good example to illustrate the impact of the import of western prints technique and styles on Chinese woodcuts during the 1930 and how the production and purpose of art had been revolutionalized and publicized. At the time of chaos, Lu Xun and his colleagues saw the potentials of woodblock printing became a tool of enlightenment. Woodblock printing is by natural a low-cost art with high availability as the tools: knife, paper, ink and a piece of wood are materials that could be found almost anywhere. Moreover, it did not require machines or any mechanical processes that were only available in large cities and were most suitable for revolutionaries hiding from the authorities. Also of great importance, its ability to reproduce millions of copies was exactly what was needed for spreading quick and powerful revolutionary and modernization messages to the public, including those who were illiterate. The New, Creative Chinese Woodcut Movement got its name by its differentiation from the duplicating woodblock of traditional production by adopting western techniques and styles in woodblock printing. In order to send a powerful message and distinguish themselves from traditional woodcut prints (Figure 1 2) which appeared in Buddhist devotional arts, nianhuas and folk tales, young artists from the New Woodcut Movement learnt from western woodcut artists that they should work in the form of an individual artist and the artist should convey their ideas and attitudes find expression not only when he produces the original design but also in different types of marks he makes with his knife and chisel when he carves the block in contrast to the production of traditional print where engraving and printing were separate processes performed by different people and the creators of traditional prints were viewed as artisans, not artists.. In To The Front!(Figure 3) a woodcut of 1932, Hu made this woodcut to persuade his nation to fight against the Japanese. At the time, China was struggling under Japanese aggressions that started with the Manchurian Incident in 1931. Drawing on the emotional intensity and style of German Expressionist art, he produced a powerful image using the stark contrast of black and white and strong angular lines to depict realistic people under hardship. The main figure dominates almost  ¾ of the picture. His size added with his outstretch hands make him very powerful. His existence was depicted with broad slashes, which echoes the artists urgency in uniting the masses and fight against the Japanese. The mask-like figures in the background convey the power of the masses. This image was a call to a different life. During that period of time, artists only made woodcuts on people either going to the field or suffering hardship. They never use utopia images to persuade the people to fight as they were looking for powerful, dramatic images that could immediately bring out the urgency of needing to fight back. By learning the styles of leftist western woodcut artists and using powerful and realistic imageries to deliver messages to the masses and focusing on social ills of their time, young artists including Hu, see themselves as part of an international leftist arm community. And in To the Front!, we can see a big influence of Kathe Kollwitzs work, a woodcut artist from the German Expressionalism. Instead of finding beauty in physical attractiveness, what Kollwitz tried to reflect through the illustration in the human body is the physical reflection of the labors, the efforts, the cares and concerns, the loves, losses, and griefs that made up the lives of real and ordinary people. (Figure 4). It was from Kollwitz that artists realized the power of the physical actions of the human body. The strong, diagonal lines of the was echoing the main figures body and the movements of the peasants in Outbreak(Figure 5), The use of broad slashes and simplicity of the depiction of human figures is cha racteristic of the period and it was directly taken from the simplicity of human figure represented by Kollwitz in Memorial to Karl Liebknecht(Figure 6). In both Memorial to Karl Liebknecht and To The Front!, the artists used black to set the mood. In Memorial to Karl Liebknecht,the people were all bowing down to the dead body, conveying a sense of downward motion which signifies sadness and in To the Front The upward outstretch hand of the main figure and the diagonal walls at the back brings out the chaos that the Chinese people were facing at that time. Although To the Front! had taken much cues from German expressionist artists, the construction of the print which consists of a full frontal, dominating stong man leading the revolt was an original idea. Compared with Li Huas Arise!(Figure 7) which had patterned the style and content from Kollwitzs Outbreak, To the Front! bore more Chinese characteristics with the man wearing Chinese style clothing and looked Chinese. In Arise! The peasants and soldiers could be of any nationality and although it also had a strong message. To the Front! would be more associable to the Chinese people. As ONeil had stated in his book, it was ironic that Lu Xun and young artists like Hu Yichuan should turn first to European woodblock printing for inspiration on how to redevelop this ancient Chinese artistic and technological practice, which by that time, European artists had just started to make them an art form from its own right. It was more ironic in the sense that Chinese traditional woodprints were once a tool for Chinese propaganda against the west in the 1860s. In the Anti-Christian print (Figure 8), we can see a very traditional woodcut which had flat figures with simple outlines. The power of the use of black was not recognized and it was simply a substitute for colour. In terms of the usage of lines, Hu had used strong diagonal lines and upward lines to convey the urgency while the artist who made the Anti-Christian print didnt choose lines to convey a sense of motion. The construction of the two prints are also startling different. To the Front! was very dramatic, with a big figure dominating the painting while the construction of the Anti-Christian print was very simple and the people were drawn not in proportion. In terms of space, the dominating male acts as a leader walking in the front and the crowds which diminishes at the back persuasively suggests a depth of space. In the Anti-Christian print, the sense of space was very subtle and not persuasive as it was only signified by the diagonal lines of the table and that the little peo ple were placed. In terms of message, Hus woodcut could only be fully understood if viewers were aware of the context and history background of the time as the enemies of those people were not drawn. However, in the Anti-Christian Print, we know clearly who the enemy was as it was a rebus painting, pig meaning Jesus and sheep meaning westerners. The pig was hanged on the cross and shot with arrows and the sheep were tied to the ground and going to be killed. The westerners were depicted as bad and it seemed injustice to prosecute them. While Yu chose to used the black tone and the diagonal lines to represent the anger to the foreigners and urgency to fight back. He was trying to arouse their eagerness to fight by powerful images but not direct attack on the enemy. In other words, Anti-Christian Print was a message from the court transcended to the mass, feeding them hatred to the west, rather than appealing to their situation and suffering because of the enemies like Hu did and provoke their power to fight back from that. Besides the great difference in style, content and the way to arouse public consciousness that are evident, the most striking difference between To the Front! and Anti-Christian Print signifies the groundbreaking element in the New Chinese Woodcut Movement, revolutionizing art as a voice of the people. Traditionally, woodcut prints had not only been used for propaganda but also a tool for enlightenment and raising awareness. However, the traditional ways were using idealized examples to praise Confucius, governement approved virtues and feeding ideas of rigidity of social order in the form of illusionistic peace and happiness. For example, Five Sons Successful in Examinations(Figure 9) is propaganda for the old-fashioned and stubborn Chinese examinations. The artist twisted the idea and chose to focus on the glory of having five sons being successful in examinations. This way, people would tend to forget the rigidity of the examinations. The depiction of the characters in this image is highly unrealistic and the decorative, colourful imagery is in great contrast to Hus woodcuts. These people were very happy and like in tradition of Chinese nianhuas and no hardships or sufferings can be seen on their faces. The rigidity, the great time required to learn for the exam and the corruptn ess were never mentioned. The reason why Lu Xun and the artists of the New Chinese Woodblock Movement were called revolutionary was that they depicted social sufferings as it was and added an addition of critical consciousness to these educational art. As mentioned above, there seemed to be much irony as these young artists should lean from the west which were less experienced in woodcuts and were their enemies. However, it was precisely because they had been bullying and easily defeated them for so many times since the 1840s that open-minded Chinese intellectuals such as Lu Xun realized that in order to revive their dying country, the only way was to learn from the enemy and modernize. One way to do it was the redevelopment of woodprints and it proved to be successful. Though the masses might held hesitation in fully accepting these very foreign style of woodcuts, the messages that these prints sent were bright and clear. These woodprint artists were the first ones to represent the real people in these mass production prints. Across the country, a large number of woodcut societies united individual artists and formed important organizations that supported the production of exhibitions, publication and manifestos. They found their voice and the emotions aroused from being bullied by warlords and foreigners that they learnt to express through art signified dignity among the Chinese people and ignited the fire in the heart of Chinese people to fight against evil powers together as a nation.